# module URI

`URI` is a module providing classes to handle Uniform Resource Identifiers (RFC2396).

## Features¶ ↑

- Uniform way of handling URIs.

- Flexibility to introduce custom `URI` schemes.

- Flexibility to have an alternate `URI::Parser` (or just different patterns and regexp's).

## Basic example¶ ↑

    require 'uri'

    uri = URI("http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413")
    #=> #<URI::HTTP http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413>

    uri.scheme    #=> "http"
    uri.host      #=> "foo.com"
    uri.path      #=> "/posts"
    uri.query     #=> "id=30&limit=5"
    uri.fragment  #=> "time=1305298413"

    uri.to_s      #=> "http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413"

## Adding custom URIs¶ ↑

    module URI
      class RSYNC < Generic
        DEFAULT_PORT = 873
      end
      @@schemes['RSYNC'] = RSYNC
    end
    #=> URI::RSYNC

    URI.scheme_list
    #=> {"FILE"=>URI::File, "FTP"=>URI::FTP, "HTTP"=>URI::HTTP,
    #    "HTTPS"=>URI::HTTPS, "LDAP"=>URI::LDAP, "LDAPS"=>URI::LDAPS,
    #    "MAILTO"=>URI::MailTo, "RSYNC"=>URI::RSYNC}

    uri = URI("rsync://rsync.foo.com")
    #=> #<URI::RSYNC rsync://rsync.foo.com>

## RFC References¶ ↑

A good place to view an RFC spec is www.ietf.org/rfc.html.

Here is a list of all related RFC's:

- RFC822

- RFC1738

- RFC2255

- RFC2368

- RFC2373

- RFC2396

- RFC2732

- RFC3986

## `Class` tree¶ ↑

- `URI::Generic` (in uri/generic.rb)

  - `URI::File` - (in uri/file.rb)

  - `URI::FTP` - (in uri/ftp.rb)

  - `URI::HTTP` - (in uri/http.rb)

    - `URI::HTTPS` - (in uri/https.rb)

  - `URI::LDAP` - (in uri/ldap.rb)

    - `URI::LDAPS` - (in uri/ldaps.rb)

  - `URI::MailTo` - (in uri/mailto.rb)

- `URI::Parser` - (in uri/common.rb)

- `URI::REGEXP` - (in uri/common.rb)

  - URI::REGEXP::PATTERN - (in uri/common.rb)

- URI::Util - (in uri/common.rb)

- `URI::Escape` - (in uri/common.rb)

- `URI::Error` - (in uri/common.rb)

  - `URI::InvalidURIError` - (in uri/common.rb)

  - `URI::InvalidComponentError` - (in uri/common.rb)

  - `URI::BadURIError` - (in uri/common.rb)

## Copyright Info¶ ↑

Author

  Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>

Documentation

  Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org> Dmitry V. Sabanin <sdmitry@lrn.ru> Vincent Batts <vbatts@hashbangbash.com>

License

  Copyright © 2001 akira yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org> You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.

Revision

  $Id$

### Constants

DEFAULT_PARSER

  `URI::Parser.new`

Parser
REGEXP
RFC3986_PARSER

### Public Class Methods

decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false) click to toggle source

Decodes URL-encoded form data from given `str`.

This decodes application/x-www-form-urlencoded data and returns an array of key-value arrays.

This refers url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-parser, so this supports only &-separator, and doesn't support ;-separator.

    ary = URI.decode_www_form("a=1&a=2&b=3")
    ary                   #=> [['a', '1'], ['a', '2'], ['b', '3']]
    ary.assoc('a').last   #=> '1'
    ary.assoc('b').last   #=> '3'
    ary.rassoc('a').last  #=> '2'
    Hash[ary]             #=> {"a"=>"2", "b"=>"3"}

See `URI.decode_www_form_component`, `URI.encode_www_form`.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 454
    def self.decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false)
      raise ArgumentError, "the input of #{self.name}.#{__method__} must be ASCII only string" unless str.ascii_only?
      ary = []
      return ary if str.empty?
      enc = Encoding.find(enc)
      str.b.each_line(separator) do |string|
        string.chomp!(separator)
        key, sep, val = string.partition('=')
        if isindex
          if sep.empty?
            val = key
            key = +''
          end
          isindex = false
        end

        if use__charset_ and key == '_charset_' and e = get_encoding(val)
          enc = e
          use__charset_ = false
        end

        key.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
        if val
          val.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
        else
          val = +''
        end

        ary << [key, val]
      end
      ary.each do |k, v|
        k.force_encoding(enc)
        k.scrub!
        v.force_encoding(enc)
        v.scrub!
      end
      ary
    end

decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8) click to toggle source

Decodes given `str` of URL-encoded form data.

This decodes + to SP.

See `URI.encode_www_form_component`, `URI.decode_www_form`.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 386
    def self.decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
      raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/ =~ str
      str.b.gsub(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
    end

encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil) click to toggle source

Generates URL-encoded form data from given `enum`.

This generates application/x-www-form-urlencoded data defined in HTML5 from given an `Enumerable` object.

This internally uses `URI.encode_www_form_component(str)`.

This method doesn't convert the encoding of given items, so convert them before calling this method if you want to send data as other than original encoding or mixed encoding data. (Strings which are encoded in an HTML5 ASCII incompatible encoding are converted to UTF-8.)

This method doesn't handle files. When you send a file, use multipart/form-data.

This refers url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-serializer

    URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["lang", "en"]])
    #=> "q=ruby&lang=en"
    URI.encode_www_form("q" => "ruby", "lang" => "en")
    #=> "q=ruby&lang=en"
    URI.encode_www_form("q" => ["ruby", "perl"], "lang" => "en")
    #=> "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
    URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["q", "perl"], ["lang", "en"]])
    #=> "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"

See `URI.encode_www_form_component`, `URI.decode_www_form`.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 418
    def self.encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil)
      enum.map do |k,v|
        if v.nil?
          encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
        elsif v.respond_to?(:to_ary)
          v.to_ary.map do |w|
            str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
            unless w.nil?
              str << '='
              str << encode_www_form_component(w, enc)
            end
          end.join('&')
        else
          str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
          str << '='
          str << encode_www_form_component(v, enc)
        end
      end.join('&')
    end

encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil) click to toggle source

Encodes given `str` to URL-encoded form data.

This method doesn't convert *, -, ., 0-9, A-Z, _, a-z, but does convert SP (ASCII space) to + and converts others to %XX.

If `enc` is given, convert `str` to the encoding before percent encoding.

This is an implementation of www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-html5-20130806/forms.html#url-encoded-form-data.

See `URI.decode_www_form_component`, `URI.encode_www_form`.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 368
    def self.encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil)
      str = str.to_s.dup
      if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
        if enc && enc != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
          str.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
          str.encode!(enc, fallback: ->(x){"&#{x.ord};"})
        end
        str.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
      end
      str.gsub!(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCWWWCOMP_)
      str.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
    end

extract(str, schemes = nil, &block) click to toggle source

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    URI::extract(str[, schemes][,&blk])

## Args¶ ↑

`str`

  `String` to extract URIs from.

`schemes`

  Limit `URI` matching to specific schemes.

## Description¶ ↑

Extracts URIs from a string. If block given, iterates through all matched URIs. Returns nil if block given or array with matches.

## Usage¶ ↑

    require "uri"

    URI.extract("text here http://foo.example.org/bla and here mailto:test@example.com and here also.")
    # => ["http://foo.example.com/bla", "mailto:test@example.com"]

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 298
    def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block)
      warn "URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
      DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
    end

join(*str) click to toggle source

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    URI::join(str[, str, ...])

## Args¶ ↑

`str`

  String(s) to work with, will be converted to RFC3986 URIs before merging.

## Description¶ ↑

Joins URIs.

## Usage¶ ↑

    require 'uri'

    URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/main.rbx>

    URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo>

    URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>

    URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>

    URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo/bar>

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 270
    def self.join(*str)
      RFC3986_PARSER.join(*str)
    end

parse(uri) click to toggle source

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    URI::parse(uri_str)

## Args¶ ↑

`uri_str`

  `String` with `URI`.

## Description¶ ↑

Creates one of the URI's subclasses instance from the string.

## Raises¶ ↑

`URI::InvalidURIError`

  Raised if `URI` given is not a correct one.

## Usage¶ ↑

    require 'uri'

    uri = URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
    # => #<URI::HTTP http://www.ruby-lang.org/>
    uri.scheme
    # => "http"
    uri.host
    # => "www.ruby-lang.org"

It's recommended to first ::escape the provided `uri_str` if there are any invalid `URI` characters.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 233
    def self.parse(uri)
      RFC3986_PARSER.parse(uri)
    end

regexp(schemes = nil) click to toggle source

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    URI::regexp([match_schemes])

## Args¶ ↑

`match_schemes`

  `Array` of schemes. If given, resulting regexp matches to URIs whose scheme is one of the match_schemes.

## Description¶ ↑

Returns a `Regexp` object which matches to URI-like strings. The `Regexp` object returned by this method includes arbitrary number of capture group (parentheses). Never rely on it's number.

## Usage¶ ↑

    require 'uri'

    # extract first URI from html_string
    html_string.slice(URI.regexp)

    # remove ftp URIs
    html_string.sub(URI.regexp(['ftp']), '')

    # You should not rely on the number of parentheses
    html_string.scan(URI.regexp) do |*matches|
      p $&
    end

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 335
    def self.regexp(schemes = nil)
      warn "URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
      DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
    end

scheme_list() click to toggle source

Returns a `Hash` of the defined schemes.

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 144
    def self.scheme_list
      @@schemes
    end

split(uri) click to toggle source

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    URI::split(uri)

## Args¶ ↑

`uri`

  `String` with `URI`.

## Description¶ ↑

Splits the string on following parts and returns array with result:

- Scheme

- Userinfo

- Host

- Port

- Registry

- Path

- Opaque

- Query

- Fragment

## Usage¶ ↑

    require 'uri'

    URI.split("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
    # => ["http", nil, "www.ruby-lang.org", nil, nil, "/", nil, nil, nil]

    # File lib/uri/common.rb, line 196
    def self.split(uri)
      RFC3986_PARSER.split(uri)
    end