# class Net::HTTP

## An `HTTP` client API for Ruby.¶ ↑

`Net::HTTP` provides a rich library which can be used to build `HTTP` user-agents. For more details about `HTTP` see [RFC2616](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).

`Net::HTTP` is designed to work closely with `URI`. `URI::HTTP#host`, `URI::HTTP#port` and `URI::HTTP#request_uri` are designed to work with `Net::HTTP`.

If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try `OpenURI`.

## Simple Examples¶ ↑

All examples assume you have loaded `Net::HTTP` with:

    require 'net/http'

This will also require 'uri' so you don't need to require it separately.

The `Net::HTTP` methods in the following section do not persist connections. They are not recommended if you are performing many `HTTP` requests.

### GET¶ ↑

    Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String

### GET by `URI`¶ ↑

    uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10')
    Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String

### GET with Dynamic Parameters¶ ↑

    uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
    params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 }
    uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)

    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
    puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)

### POST¶ ↑

    uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
    res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50')
    puts res.body

### POST with Multiple Values¶ ↑

    uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
    res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50')
    puts res.body

## How to use `Net::HTTP`¶ ↑

The following example code can be used as the basis of an `HTTP` user-agent which can perform a variety of request types using persistent connections.

    uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string')

    Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
      request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri

      response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
    end

`Net::HTTP::start` immediately creates a connection to an `HTTP` server which is kept open for the duration of the block. The connection will remain open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it supports persistent connections.

If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple `HTTP` requests without automatically closing it you can use `::new` and then call `start` and `finish` manually.

The request types `Net::HTTP` supports are listed below in the section “HTTP Request Classes”.

For all the `Net::HTTP` request objects and shortcut request methods you may supply either a `String` for the request path or a `URI` from which `Net::HTTP` will extract the request path.

### Response `Data`¶ ↑

    uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)

    # Headers
    res['Set-Cookie']            # => String
    res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array
    res.to_hash['set-cookie']    # => Array
    puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}"

    # Status
    puts res.code       # => '200'
    puts res.message    # => 'OK'
    puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK'

    # Body
    puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?

### Following Redirection¶ ↑

Each `Net::HTTPResponse` object belongs to a class for its response code.

For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a `Net::HTTPSuccess` subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a `Net::HTTPRedirection` subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the `Net::HTTPOK` class. For details of response classes, see the section “HTTP Response Classes” below.

Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:

    def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10)
      # You should choose a better exception.
      raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

      response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str))

      case response
      when Net::HTTPSuccess then
        response
      when Net::HTTPRedirection then
        location = response['location']
        warn "redirected to #{location}"
        fetch(location, limit - 1)
      else
        response.value
      end
    end

    print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')

### POST¶ ↑

A POST can be made using the `Net::HTTP::Post` request class. This example creates a URL encoded POST body:

    uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi')
    req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
    req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31')

    res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http|
      http.request(req)
    end

    case res
    when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection
      # OK
    else
      res.value
    end

To send multipart/form-data use `Net::HTTPHeader#set_form`:

    req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
    req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')

Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put).

### Setting Headers¶ ↑

The following example performs a conditional GET using the If-Modified-Since header. If the files has not been modified since the time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned. See RFC 2616 section 9.3 for further details.

    uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response')
    file = File.stat 'cached_response'

    req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
    req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822

    res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
      http.request(req)
    }

    open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io|
      io.write res.body
    end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)

### Basic Authentication¶ ↑

Basic authentication is performed according to [RFC2617](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).

    uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value')

    req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
    req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass'

    res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
      http.request(req)
    }
    puts res.body

### Streaming Response Bodies¶ ↑

By default `Net::HTTP` reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an `IO`.

    uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file')

    Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
      request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri

      http.request request do |response|
        open 'large_file', 'w' do |io|
          response.read_body do |chunk|
            io.write chunk
          end
        end
      end
    end

### HTTPS¶ ↑

HTTPS is enabled for an `HTTP` connection by `Net::HTTP#use_ssl=`.

    uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string')

    Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
      request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri
      response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
    end

Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an `URI` object that has an HTTPS URL. `Net::HTTP` automatically turns on TLS verification if the `URI` object has a 'https' `URI` scheme.

    uri = URI('https://example.com/')
    Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String

In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require 'net/https' to use HTTPS. This is no longer true.

### Proxies¶ ↑

`Net::HTTP` will automatically create a proxy from the `http_proxy` environment variable if it is present. To disable use of `http_proxy`, pass `nil` for the proxy address.

You may also create a custom proxy:

    proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host'
    proxy_port = 8080

    Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http|
      # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080
    }

See `Net::HTTP.new` for further details and examples such as proxies that require a username and password.

### Compression¶ ↑

`Net::HTTP` automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a `Range` header was sent.

Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.

## `HTTP` Request Classes¶ ↑

Here is the `HTTP` request class hierarchy.

- `Net::HTTPRequest`

  - `Net::HTTP::Get`

  - `Net::HTTP::Head`

  - `Net::HTTP::Post`

  - `Net::HTTP::Patch`

  - `Net::HTTP::Put`

  - `Net::HTTP::Proppatch`

  - `Net::HTTP::Lock`

  - `Net::HTTP::Unlock`

  - `Net::HTTP::Options`

  - `Net::HTTP::Propfind`

  - `Net::HTTP::Delete`

  - `Net::HTTP::Move`

  - `Net::HTTP::Copy`

  - `Net::HTTP::Mkcol`

  - `Net::HTTP::Trace`

## `HTTP` Response Classes¶ ↑

Here is `HTTP` response class hierarchy. All classes are defined in `Net` module and are subclasses of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

`HTTPUnknownResponse`

  For unhandled `HTTP` extensions

`HTTPInformation`

  1xx

`HTTPContinue`

  100

`HTTPSwitchProtocol`

  101

`HTTPSuccess`

  2xx

`HTTPOK`

  200

`HTTPCreated`

  201

`HTTPAccepted`

  202

`HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation`

  203

`HTTPNoContent`

  204

`HTTPResetContent`

  205

`HTTPPartialContent`

  206

`HTTPMultiStatus`

  207

`HTTPIMUsed`

  226

`HTTPRedirection`

  3xx

`HTTPMultipleChoices`

  300

`HTTPMovedPermanently`

  301

`HTTPFound`

  302

`HTTPSeeOther`

  303

`HTTPNotModified`

  304

`HTTPUseProxy`

  305

`HTTPTemporaryRedirect`

  307

`HTTPClientError`

  4xx

`HTTPBadRequest`

  400

`HTTPUnauthorized`

  401

`HTTPPaymentRequired`

  402

`HTTPForbidden`

  403

`HTTPNotFound`

  404

`HTTPMethodNotAllowed`

  405

`HTTPNotAcceptable`

  406

`HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired`

  407

`HTTPRequestTimeOut`

  408

`HTTPConflict`

  409

`HTTPGone`

  410

`HTTPLengthRequired`

  411

`HTTPPreconditionFailed`

  412

`HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge`

  413

`HTTPRequestURITooLong`

  414

`HTTPUnsupportedMediaType`

  415

`HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable`

  416

`HTTPExpectationFailed`

  417

`HTTPUnprocessableEntity`

  422

`HTTPLocked`

  423

`HTTPFailedDependency`

  424

`HTTPUpgradeRequired`

  426

`HTTPPreconditionRequired`

  428

`HTTPTooManyRequests`

  429

`HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge`

  431

`HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons`

  451

`HTTPServerError`

  5xx

`HTTPInternalServerError`

  500

`HTTPNotImplemented`

  501

`HTTPBadGateway`

  502

`HTTPServiceUnavailable`

  503

`HTTPGatewayTimeOut`

  504

`HTTPVersionNotSupported`

  505

`HTTPInsufficientStorage`

  507

`HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired`

  511

There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when there is a protocol error.

### Constants

ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE
SSL_ATTRIBUTES
SSL_IVNAMES
STATUS_CODES

### Attributes

proxy_address[R]

Address of proxy host. If `Net::HTTP` does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_pass[R]

User password for accessing proxy. If `Net::HTTP` does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_port[R]

Port number of proxy host. If `Net::HTTP` does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_user[R]

User name for accessing proxy. If `Net::HTTP` does not use a proxy, nil.

address[R]

The DNS host name or IP address to connect to.

ca_file[RW]

Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.

The file can contain several CA certificates.

ca_path[RW]

Sets path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in PEM format.

cert[RW]

Sets an `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object as client certificate. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's `OpenSSL` extension).

cert_store[RW]

Sets the X509::Store to verify peer certificate.

ciphers[RW]

Sets the available ciphers. See `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=`

close_on_empty_response[RW]
continue_timeout[R]

Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the `HTTP` object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The default value is `nil`.

keep_alive_timeout[RW]

Seconds to reuse the connection of the previous request. If the idle time is less than this Keep-Alive `Timeout`, `Net::HTTP` reuses the TCP/IP socket used by the previous communication. The default value is 2 seconds.

key[RW]

Sets an `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's `OpenSSL` extension.)

local_host[RW]

The local host used to establish the connection.

local_port[RW]

The local port used to establish the connection.

max_retries[R]
max_version[RW]

Sets the maximum SSL version. See `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=`

min_version[RW]

Sets the minimum SSL version. See `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=`

open_timeout[RW]

Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the `HTTP` object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a `Net::OpenTimeout` exception. The default value is 60 seconds.

port[R]

The port number to connect to.

proxy_address[W]
proxy_from_env[W]
proxy_pass[W]
proxy_port[W]
proxy_user[W]
read_timeout[R]

Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the `HTTP` object cannot read data in this many seconds, it raises a `Net::ReadTimeout` exception. The default value is 60 seconds.

ssl_timeout[RW]

Sets the SSL timeout seconds.

ssl_version[RW]

Sets the SSL version. See `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=`

verify_callback[RW]

Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.

verify_depth[RW]

Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

verify_mode[RW]

Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session.

OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.

write_timeout[R]

Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the `HTTP` object cannot write data in this many seconds, it raises a `Net::WriteTimeout` exception. The default value is 60 seconds. `Net::WriteTimeout` is not raised on Windows.

### Public Class Methods

Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) click to toggle source

Creates an `HTTP` proxy class which behaves like `Net::HTTP`, but performs all access via the specified proxy.

This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to `Net::HTTP.new`. See `Net::HTTP.new` for details of the arguments.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1053
    def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
      return self unless p_addr

      Class.new(self) {
        @is_proxy_class = true

        if p_addr == :ENV then
          @proxy_from_env = true
          @proxy_address = nil
          @proxy_port    = nil
        else
          @proxy_from_env = false
          @proxy_address = p_addr
          @proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
        end

        @proxy_user = p_user
        @proxy_pass = p_pass
      }
    end

default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for `HTTP` requests; defaults to 80.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 539
    def HTTP.default_port
      http_default_port()
    end

get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the target and returns the `HTTP` response as a string. The target can either be specified as (`uri`), or as (`host`, `path`, `port` = 80); so:

    print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))

or:

    print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 457
    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body
    end

get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) click to toggle source

Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout. The target can either be specified as (`uri`), or as (`host`, `path`, `port` = 80); so:

    Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')

or:

    Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 438
    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res|
        res.read_body do |chunk|
          $stdout.print chunk
        end
      }
      nil
    end

get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block) click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the target and returns the `HTTP` response as a `Net::HTTPResponse` object. The target can either be specified as (`uri`), or as (`host`, `path`, `port` = 80); so:

    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
    print res.body

or:

    res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html')
    print res.body

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 473
    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block)
      if path
        host = uri_or_host
        new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
          return http.request_get(path, &block)
        }
      else
        uri = uri_or_host
        start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
              :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
          return http.request_get(uri, &block)
        }
      end
    end

http_default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for `HTTP` requests; defaults to 80.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 544
    def HTTP.http_default_port
      80
    end

https_default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 549
    def HTTP.https_default_port
      443
    end

is_version_1_2?()
Alias for: version_1_2?
new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil) click to toggle source

Creates a new `Net::HTTP` object without opening a TCP connection or `HTTP` session.

The `address` should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the `port` is the port the server operates on. If no `port` is given the default port for `HTTP` or HTTPS is used.

If none of the `p_` arguments are given, the proxy host and port are taken from the `http_proxy` environment variable (or its uppercase equivalent) if present. If the proxy requires authentication you must supply it by hand. See `URI::Generic#find_proxy` for details of proxy detection from the environment. To disable proxy detection set `p_addr` to nil.

If you are connecting to a custom proxy, `p_addr` specifies the DNS name or IP address of the proxy host, `p_port` the port to use to access the proxy, `p_user` and `p_pass` the username and password if authorization is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not use the proxy.

Calls superclass method

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 632
    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
      http = super address, port

      if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
        http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
        http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
        http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
        http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
        http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
      elsif p_addr == :ENV then
        http.proxy_from_env = true
      else
        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy)
          p_addr = nil
          p_port = nil
        end
        http.proxy_address = p_addr
        http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
        http.proxy_user    = p_user
        http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
      end

      http
    end

Also aliased as: newobj
new(address, port = nil) click to toggle source

Creates a new `Net::HTTP` object for the specified server address, without opening the TCP connection or initializing the `HTTP` session. The `address` should be a DNS hostname or IP address.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 660
    def initialize(address, port = nil)
      @address = address
      @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
      @local_host = nil
      @local_port = nil
      @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
      @keep_alive_timeout = 2
      @last_communicated = nil
      @close_on_empty_response = false
      @socket  = nil
      @started = false
      @open_timeout = 60
      @read_timeout = 60
      @write_timeout = 60
      @continue_timeout = nil
      @max_retries = 1
      @debug_output = nil

      @proxy_from_env = false
      @proxy_uri      = nil
      @proxy_address  = nil
      @proxy_port     = nil
      @proxy_user     = nil
      @proxy_pass     = nil

      @use_ssl = false
      @ssl_context = nil
      @ssl_session = nil
      @sspi_enabled = false
      SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname|
        instance_variable_set ivname, nil
      end
    end

newobj(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
Alias for: new
post(url, data, header = nil) click to toggle source

Posts data to the specified `URI` object.

Example:

    require 'net/http'
    require 'uri'

    Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'),
                   { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json,
                   "Content-Type" => "application/json"

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 499
    def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
      start(url.hostname, url.port,
            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
        http.post(url, data, header)
      }
    end

post_form(url, params) click to toggle source

Posts HTML form data to the specified `URI` object. The form data must be provided as a `Hash` mapping from `String` to `String`. Example:

    { "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }

This method also does Basic Authentication iff `url`.user exists. But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986). So this feature will be removed.

Example:

    require 'net/http'
    require 'uri'

    Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
                        { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 524
    def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
      req = Post.new(url)
      req.form_data = params
      req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
      start(url.hostname, url.port,
            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
        http.request(req)
      }
    end

proxy_class?() click to toggle source

returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1076
    def proxy_class?
      defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
    end

start(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass, &block) click to toggle source
start(address, port=nil, p_addr=:ENV, p_port=nil, p_user=nil, p_pass=nil, opt, &block)

Creates a new `Net::HTTP` object, then additionally opens the TCP connection and `HTTP` session.

Arguments are the following:

address

  hostname or IP address of the server

port

  port of the server

p_addr

  address of proxy

p_port

  port of proxy

p_user

  user of proxy

p_pass

  pass of proxy

opt

  optional hash

opt sets following values by its accessor. The keys are `ca_file`, `ca_path`, cert, `cert_store`, ciphers, `close_on_empty_response`, key, `open_timeout`, `read_timeout`, `write_timeout`, `ssl_timeout`, `ssl_version`, use_ssl, `verify_callback`, `verify_depth` and verify_mode. If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of `verify_mode` is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.

If the optional block is given, the newly created `Net::HTTP` object is passed to it and closed when the block finishes. In this case, the return value of this method is the return value of the block. If no block is given, the return value of this method is the newly created `Net::HTTP` object itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion using the finish() method.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 587
    def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
      arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
      port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
      p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
      port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
      http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)

      if opt
        if opt[:use_ssl]
          opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
        end
        http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
          key = $1.to_sym
          opt.key?(key) or next
          http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
        end
      end

      http.start(&block)
    end

version_1_2() click to toggle source

Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features. Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 404
    def HTTP.version_1_2
      true
    end

version_1_2?() click to toggle source

Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode. Defaults to true.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 410
    def HTTP.version_1_2?
      true
    end

Also aliased as: is_version_1_2?

### Public Instance Methods

active?()
Alias for: started?
continue_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the `continue_timeout` attribute.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 783
    def continue_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
      @continue_timeout = sec
    end

copy(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a COPY request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1338
    def copy(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
    end

delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'}) click to toggle source

Sends a DELETE request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1326
    def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
      request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
    end

finish() click to toggle source

Finishes the `HTTP` session and closes the TCP connection. Raises `IOError` if the session has not been started.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1022
    def finish
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
      do_finish
    end

get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Retrieves data from `path` on the connected-to host which may be an absolute path `String` or a `URI` to extract the path from.

`initheader` must be a `Hash` like { 'Accept' => '/', … }, and it defaults to an empty hash. If `initheader` doesn't have the key 'accept-encoding', then a value of “gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3” is used, so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate compression, which is used in preference to no compression. Ruby doesn't have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv) compression, so that is not supported. The intent of this is to reduce bandwidth by default. If this routine sets up compression, then it does the decompression also, removing the header as well to prevent confusion. Otherwise it leaves the body as it found it.

This method returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.

`dest` argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.

This method never raises an exception.

    response = http.get('/index.html')

    # using block
    File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
      http.get('/~foo/') do |str|
        f.write str
      end
    }

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1226
    def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      res = nil
      request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      res
    end

get2(path, initheader = nil)
Alias for: request_get
head(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Gets only the header from `path` on the connected-to host. `header` is a `Hash` like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.

This method returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

This method never raises an exception.

    response = nil
    Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http|
      response = http.head('/index.html')
    }
    p response['content-type']

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1248
    def head(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Head.new(path, initheader))
    end

head2(path, initheader = nil, &block)
Alias for: request_head
inspect() click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 694
    def inspect
      "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
    end

lock(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a LOCK request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1302
    def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

max_retries=(retries) click to toggle source

Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of `Net::ReadTimeout`, `IOError`, `EOFError`, `Errno::ECONNRESET`, `Errno::ECONNABORTED`, Errno::EPIPE, `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError`, `Timeout::Error`. Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries. The default value is 1.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 755
    def max_retries=(retries)
      retries = retries.to_int
      if retries < 0
        raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
      end
      @max_retries = retries
    end

mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a MKCOL request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1344
    def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
      request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

move(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a MOVE request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1332
    def move(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Move.new(path, initheader))
    end

options(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a OPTIONS request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1314
    def options(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Options.new(path, initheader))
    end

patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a PATCH request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1286
    def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
    end

peer_cert() click to toggle source

Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 899
    def peer_cert
      if not use_ssl? or not @socket
        return nil
      end
      @socket.io.peer_cert
    end

post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Posts `data` (must be a `String`) to `path`. `header` must be a `Hash` like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.

This method returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.

`dest` argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.

This method never raises exception.

    response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo')

    # using block
    File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
      http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str|
        f.write str
      end
    }

You should set Content-Type: header field for POST. If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses “application/x-www-form-urlencoded” by default.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1280
    def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
    end

post2(path, data, initheader = nil)
Alias for: request_post
propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'}) click to toggle source

Sends a PROPFIND request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1320
    def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
      request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a PROPPATCH request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1296
    def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

proxy?() click to toggle source

True if requests for this connection will be proxied

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1095
    def proxy?
      !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
    end

proxy_address() click to toggle source

The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1114
    def proxy_address
      if @proxy_from_env then
        proxy_uri&.hostname
      else
        @proxy_address
      end
    end

Also aliased as: proxyaddr
proxy_from_env?() click to toggle source

True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1100
    def proxy_from_env?
      @proxy_from_env
    end

proxy_pass() click to toggle source

The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1148
    def proxy_pass
      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
        proxy_uri&.password
      else
        @proxy_pass
      end
    end

proxy_port() click to toggle source

The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1123
    def proxy_port
      if @proxy_from_env then
        proxy_uri&.port
      else
        @proxy_port
      end
    end

Also aliased as: proxyport
proxy_user() click to toggle source

The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1139
    def proxy_user
      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
        proxy_uri&.user
      else
        @proxy_user
      end
    end

proxyaddr()
Alias for: proxy_address
proxyport()
Alias for: proxy_port
read_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the `read_timeout` attribute.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 766
    def read_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
      @read_timeout = sec
    end

request(req, body = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends an `HTTPRequest` object `req` to the `HTTP` server.

If `req` is a `Net::HTTP::Post` or `Net::HTTP::Put` request containing data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a `Net::HTTP::Head` or `Net::HTTP::Get` request results in an `ArgumentError`.

Returns an `HTTPResponse` object.

When called with a block, passes an `HTTPResponse` object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using `HTTPResponse#read_body`, if desired.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1468
    def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
      unless started?
        start {
          req['connection'] ||= 'close'
          return request(req, body, &block)
        }
      end
      if proxy_user()
        req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
      end
      req.set_body_internal body
      res = transport_request(req, &block)
      if sspi_auth?(res)
        sspi_auth(req)
        res = transport_request(req, &block)
      end
      res
    end

request_get(path, initheader = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the `path`. Returns the response as a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

When called with a block, passes an `HTTPResponse` object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using `HTTPResponse#read_body`, if desired.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

    response = http.request_get('/index.html')
    # The entity body is already read in this case.
    p response['content-type']
    puts response.body

    # Using a block
    http.request_get('/index.html') {|response|
      p response['content-type']
      response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
        print str
      end
    }

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1379
    def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

Also aliased as: get2
request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block) click to toggle source

Sends a HEAD request to the `path` and returns the response as a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

    response = http.request_head('/index.html')
    p response['content-type']

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1393
    def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
      request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

Also aliased as: head2
request_post(path, data, initheader = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a POST request to the `path`.

Returns the response as a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

When called with a block, the block is passed an `HTTPResponse` object. The body of that response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using `HTTPResponse#read_body`, if desired.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

    # example
    response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...')
    p response.status
    puts response.body          # body is already read in this case

    # using block
    http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response|
      p response.status
      p response['content-type']
      response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
        print str
      end
    }

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1423
    def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
    end

Also aliased as: post2
send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil) click to toggle source

Sends an `HTTP` request to the `HTTP` server. Also sends a DATA string if `data` is given.

Returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

    response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html')
    puts response.body

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1447
    def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
      has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
      request r, data
    end

set_debug_output(output) click to toggle source

WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.

Sets an output stream for debugging.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.set_debug_output $stderr
    http.start { .... }

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 707
    def set_debug_output(output)
      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
      @debug_output = output
    end

start() { |http| ... } click to toggle source

Opens a TCP connection and `HTTP` session.

When this method is called with a block, it passes the `Net::HTTP` object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and `HTTP` session after the block has been executed.

When called with a block, it returns the return value of the block; otherwise, it returns self.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 915
    def start  # :yield: http
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
      if block_given?
        begin
          do_start
          return yield(self)
        ensure
          do_finish
        end
      end
      do_start
      self
    end

started?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the `HTTP` session has been started.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 795
    def started?
      @started
    end

Also aliased as: active?
trace(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a TRACE request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1350
    def trace(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
    end

unlock(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a UNLOCK request to the `path` and gets a response, as an `HTTPResponse` object.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1308
    def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

use_ssl=(flag) click to toggle source

Turn on/off SSL. This flag must be set before starting session. If you change use_ssl value after session started, a `Net::HTTP` object raises `IOError`.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 812
    def use_ssl=(flag)
      flag = flag ? true : false
      if started? and @use_ssl != flag
        raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
      end
      @use_ssl = flag
    end

use_ssl?() click to toggle source

Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with `HTTP`.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 804
    def use_ssl?
      @use_ssl
    end

write_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the `write_timeout` attribute.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 772
    def write_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
      @write_timeout = sec
    end

### Private Instance Methods

D(msg) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1636
    def D(msg)
      return unless @debug_output
      @debug_output << msg
      @debug_output << "\n"
    end

addr_port() click to toggle source

utils

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1629
    def addr_port
      addr = address
      addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":")
      default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port
      default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
    end

begin_transport(req) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1546
    def begin_transport(req)
      if @socket.closed?
        connect
      elsif @last_communicated
        if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
          D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
          @socket.close
          connect
        elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
          D "Conn close because of EOF"
          @socket.close
          connect
        end
      end

      if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
        req['connection'] ||= 'close'
      end

      req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl?
      req['host'] ||= addr_port()
    end

connect() click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 935
    def connect
      if proxy? then
        conn_address = proxy_address
        conn_port    = proxy_port
      else
        conn_address = address
        conn_port    = port
      end

      D "opening connection to #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
      s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
        begin
          TCPSocket.open(conn_address, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
        rescue => e
          raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
            "#{conn_address}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
        end
      }
      s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
      D "opened"
      if use_ssl?
        if proxy?
          plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                                      write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                      continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                      debug_output: @debug_output)
          buf = "CONNECT #{@address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
          buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
          if proxy_user
            credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
            buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
          end
          buf << "\r\n"
          plain_sock.write(buf)
          HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value
          # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response
        end

        ssl_parameters = Hash.new
        iv_list = instance_variables
        SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
          if iv_list.include?(ivname) and
            value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
            ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value if value
          end
        end
        @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
        @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
        @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
        @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
        D "starting SSL for #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
        s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
        s.sync_close = true
        # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
        s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
        if @ssl_session and
           Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
          s.session = @ssl_session
        end
        ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
        if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
          s.post_connection_check(@address)
        end
        D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
      end
      @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                               write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                               continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                               debug_output: @debug_output)
      on_connect
    rescue => exception
      if s
        D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
        s.close
      end
      raise
    end

do_finish() click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1027
    def do_finish
      @started = false
      @socket.close if @socket
      @socket = nil
    end

do_start() click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 929
    def do_start
      connect
      @started = true
    end

edit_path(path) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1171
    def edit_path(path)
      if proxy?
        if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl?
          path
        else
          "http://#{addr_port}#{path}"
        end
      else
        path
      end
    end

end_transport(req, res) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1569
    def end_transport(req, res)
      @curr_http_version = res.http_version
      @last_communicated = nil
      if @socket.closed?
        D 'Conn socket closed'
      elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
        D 'Conn close'
        @socket.close
      elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
        D 'Conn keep-alive'
        @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
      else
        D 'Conn close'
        @socket.close
      end
    end

keep_alive?(req, res) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1586
    def keep_alive?(req, res)
      return false if req.connection_close?
      if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
        res.connection_keep_alive?
      else   # HTTP/1.1 or later
        not res.connection_close?
      end
    end

on_connect() click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1016
    def on_connect
    end

send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block) click to toggle source

Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1491
    def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
      res = nil
      request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      res
    end

sspi_auth(req) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1610
    def sspi_auth(req)
      n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
      # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
      req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
      req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
      res = transport_request(req)
      authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"]  or return res
      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
    rescue => err
      raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
    end

sspi_auth?(res) click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1595
    def sspi_auth?(res)
      return false unless @sspi_enabled
      if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
          proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
        begin
          require 'win32/sspi'
          true
        rescue LoadError
          false
        end
      else
        false
      end
    end

transport_request(req) { |res| ... } click to toggle source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1502
    def transport_request(req)
      count = 0
      begin
        begin_transport req
        res = catch(:response) {
          req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
          begin
            res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
            res.decode_content = req.decode_content
          end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)

          res.uri = req.uri

          res
        }
        res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
          yield res if block_given?
        }
      rescue Net::OpenTimeout
        raise
      rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
             Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE,
             # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
             defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
             Timeout::Error => exception
        if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
          count += 1
          @socket.close if @socket
          D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
          retry
        end
        D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
        @socket.close if @socket
        raise
      end

      end_transport req, res
      res
    rescue => exception
      D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
      @socket.close if @socket
      raise exception
    end