import string
import warnings

import numpy as np
from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
from pandas import DataFrame, Index, MultiIndex, Series, concat

import shapely

from shapely.geometry import (
    LinearRing,
    LineString,
    MultiLineString,
    MultiPoint,
    Point,
    Polygon,
    MultiPolygon,
)
from shapely.geometry.collection import GeometryCollection
from shapely.ops import unary_union
from shapely import wkt

from geopandas import GeoDataFrame, GeoSeries
from geopandas.base import GeoPandasBase

from geopandas.testing import assert_geodataframe_equal, geom_almost_equals
from geopandas.tests.util import assert_geoseries_equal, geom_equals
from geopandas import _compat as compat
from pandas.testing import assert_frame_equal, assert_index_equal, assert_series_equal
import pytest


def assert_array_dtype_equal(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
    a = np.asanyarray(a)
    b = np.asanyarray(b)
    assert a.dtype == b.dtype
    assert_array_equal(a, b, *args, **kwargs)


class TestGeomMethods:
    def setup_method(self):
        self.t1 = Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)])
        self.t2 = Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
        self.t3 = Polygon([(2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 1)])
        self.tz = Polygon([(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3)])
        self.tz1 = Polygon([(2, 2, 2), (1, 1, 1), (3, 3, 3)])
        self.sq = Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
        self.sqz = Polygon([(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4)])
        self.t4 = Polygon([(0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 3), (0, 2)])
        self.t5 = Polygon([(2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 3), (2, 3)])
        self.t6 = Polygon([(2, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 0)])
        self.inner_sq = Polygon(
            [(0.25, 0.25), (0.75, 0.25), (0.75, 0.75), (0.25, 0.75)]
        )
        self.nested_squares = Polygon(self.sq.boundary, [self.inner_sq.boundary])
        self.p0 = Point(5, 5)
        self.p3d = Point(5, 5, 5)
        self.g0 = GeoSeries(
            [
                self.t1,
                self.t2,
                self.sq,
                self.inner_sq,
                self.nested_squares,
                self.p0,
                None,
            ]
        )
        self.g1 = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.sq])
        self.g2 = GeoSeries([self.sq, self.t1])
        self.g3 = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t2])
        self.gz = GeoSeries([self.tz, self.sqz, self.tz1])
        self.g3.crs = "epsg:4326"
        self.g4 = GeoSeries([self.t2, self.t1])
        self.g4.crs = "epsg:4326"
        self.g_3d = GeoSeries([self.p0, self.p3d])
        self.na = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t2, Polygon()])
        self.na_none = GeoSeries([self.t1, None])
        self.a1 = self.g1.copy()
        self.a1.index = ["A", "B"]
        self.a2 = self.g2.copy()
        self.a2.index = ["B", "C"]
        self.esb = Point(-73.9847, 40.7484, 30.3244)
        self.sol = Point(-74.0446, 40.6893, 31.2344)
        self.landmarks = GeoSeries([self.esb, self.sol], crs="epsg:4326")
        self.pt2d = Point(-73.9847, 40.7484)
        self.landmarks_mixed = GeoSeries([self.esb, self.sol, self.pt2d], crs=4326)
        self.pt_empty = wkt.loads("POINT EMPTY")
        self.landmarks_mixed_empty = GeoSeries(
            [self.esb, self.sol, self.pt2d, self.pt_empty], crs=4326
        )
        self.l1 = LineString([(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)])
        self.l2 = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
        self.g5 = GeoSeries([self.l1, self.l2])
        self.g6 = GeoSeries([self.p0, self.t3])
        self.g7 = GeoSeries([self.sq, self.t4])
        self.g8 = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t5])
        self.empty = GeoSeries([])
        self.all_none = GeoSeries([None, None])
        self.all_geometry_collection_empty = GeoSeries(
            [GeometryCollection([]), GeometryCollection([])]
        )
        self.empty_poly = Polygon()
        self.g9 = GeoSeries(self.g0, index=range(1, 8))
        self.g10 = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t4])

        # Crossed lines
        self.l3 = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
        self.l4 = LineString([(0, 1), (1, 0)])
        self.crossed_lines = GeoSeries([self.l3, self.l4])

        # Placeholder for testing, will just drop in different geometries
        # when needed
        self.gdf1 = GeoDataFrame(
            {"geometry": self.g1, "col0": [1.0, 2.0], "col1": ["geo", "pandas"]}
        )
        self.gdf2 = GeoDataFrame(
            {"geometry": self.g1, "col3": [4, 5], "col4": ["rand", "string"]}
        )
        self.gdf3 = GeoDataFrame(
            {"geometry": self.g3, "col3": [4, 5], "col4": ["rand", "string"]}
        )
        self.gdfz = GeoDataFrame(
            {"geometry": self.gz, "col3": [4, 5, 6], "col4": ["rand", "string", "geo"]}
        )

        self.g11 = GeoSeries(
            [
                self.p0,
                self.p3d,
                self.pt_empty,
                self.t1,
                self.tz,
                self.empty_poly,
                self.l1,
            ]
        )
        # expected coordinates from g11
        self.expected_2d = np.array(
            [
                [5.0, 5.0],
                [5.0, 5.0],
                [0.0, 0.0],
                [1.0, 0.0],
                [1.0, 1.0],
                [0.0, 0.0],
                [1.0, 1.0],
                [2.0, 2.0],
                [3.0, 3.0],
                [1.0, 1.0],
                [0.0, 0.0],
                [0.0, 1.0],
                [1.0, 1.0],
            ]
        )
        self.expected_3d = np.array(
            [
                [5.0, 5.0, np.nan],
                [5.0, 5.0, 5.0],
                [0.0, 0.0, np.nan],
                [1.0, 0.0, np.nan],
                [1.0, 1.0, np.nan],
                [0.0, 0.0, np.nan],
                [1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                [2.0, 2.0, 2.0],
                [3.0, 3.0, 3.0],
                [1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                [0.0, 0.0, np.nan],
                [0.0, 1.0, np.nan],
                [1.0, 1.0, np.nan],
            ]
        )
        self.squares = GeoSeries([self.sq for _ in range(3)])

        self.l5 = LineString([(100, 0), (0, 0), (0, 100)])
        self.l6 = LineString([(5, 5), (5, 100), (100, 5)])
        self.g12 = GeoSeries([self.l5])
        self.g13 = GeoSeries([self.l6])

        self.l5 = LineString([(100, 0), (0, 0), (0, 100)])
        self.l6 = LineString([(5, 5), (5, 100), (100, 5)])
        self.g12 = GeoSeries([self.l5])
        self.g13 = GeoSeries([self.l6])

    def _test_unary_real(self, op, expected, a):
        """Tests for 'area', 'length', 'is_valid', etc."""
        fcmp = assert_series_equal
        self._test_unary(op, expected, a, fcmp)

    def _test_unary_topological(self, op, expected, a):
        if isinstance(expected, GeoPandasBase):
            fcmp = assert_geoseries_equal
        else:

            def fcmp(a, b):
                assert a.equals(b)

        self._test_unary(op, expected, a, fcmp)

    def _test_binary_topological(self, op, expected, a, b, *args, **kwargs):
        """Tests for 'intersection', 'union', 'symmetric_difference', etc."""
        if isinstance(expected, GeoPandasBase):
            fcmp = assert_geoseries_equal
        else:

            def fcmp(a, b):
                assert geom_equals(a, b)

        if isinstance(b, GeoPandasBase):
            right_df = True
        else:
            right_df = False

        self._binary_op_test(op, expected, a, b, fcmp, True, right_df, *args, **kwargs)

    def _test_binary_real(self, op, expected, a, b, *args, **kwargs):
        fcmp = assert_series_equal
        self._binary_op_test(op, expected, a, b, fcmp, True, False, *args, **kwargs)

    def _test_binary_operator(self, op, expected, a, b):
        """
        The operators only have GeoSeries on the left, but can have
        GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame on the right.
        If GeoDataFrame is on the left, geometry column is used.

        """
        if isinstance(expected, GeoPandasBase):
            fcmp = assert_geoseries_equal
        else:

            def fcmp(a, b):
                assert geom_equals(a, b)

        if isinstance(b, GeoPandasBase):
            right_df = True
        else:
            right_df = False

        self._binary_op_test(op, expected, a, b, fcmp, False, right_df)

    def _binary_op_test(
        self, op, expected, left, right, fcmp, left_df, right_df, *args, **kwargs
    ):
        """
        This is a helper to call a function on GeoSeries and GeoDataFrame
        arguments. For example, 'intersection' is a member of both GeoSeries
        and GeoDataFrame and can take either GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame inputs.
        This function has the ability to test all four combinations of input
        types.

        Parameters
        ----------

        expected : str
            The operation to be tested. e.g., 'intersection'
        left: GeoSeries
        right: GeoSeries
        fcmp: function
            Called with the result of the operation and expected. It should
            assert if the result is incorrect
        left_df: bool
            If the left input should also be called with a GeoDataFrame
        right_df: bool
            Indicates whether the right input should be called with a
            GeoDataFrame

        """

        def _make_gdf(s):
            n = len(s)
            col1 = string.ascii_lowercase[:n]
            col2 = range(n)

            return GeoDataFrame(
                {"geometry": s.values, "col1": col1, "col2": col2},
                index=s.index,
                crs=s.crs,
            )

        # Test GeoSeries.op(GeoSeries)
        result = getattr(left, op)(right, *args, **kwargs)
        fcmp(result, expected)

        if left_df:
            # Test GeoDataFrame.op(GeoSeries)
            gdf_left = _make_gdf(left)
            result = getattr(gdf_left, op)(right, *args, **kwargs)
            fcmp(result, expected)

        if right_df:
            # Test GeoSeries.op(GeoDataFrame)
            gdf_right = _make_gdf(right)
            result = getattr(left, op)(gdf_right, *args, **kwargs)
            fcmp(result, expected)

            if left_df:
                # Test GeoDataFrame.op(GeoDataFrame)
                result = getattr(gdf_left, op)(gdf_right, *args, **kwargs)
                fcmp(result, expected)

    def _test_unary(self, op, expected, a, fcmp):
        # GeoSeries, (GeoSeries or geometry)
        result = getattr(a, op)
        fcmp(result, expected)

        # GeoDataFrame, (GeoSeries or geometry)
        gdf = self.gdf1.set_geometry(a)
        result = getattr(gdf, op)
        fcmp(result, expected)

    # TODO re-enable for all operations once we use pyproj > 2
    # def test_crs_warning(self):
    #     # operations on geometries should warn for different CRS
    #     no_crs_g3 = self.g3.copy()
    #     no_crs_g3.crs = None
    #     with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
    #         self._test_binary_topological('intersection', self.g3,
    #                                       self.g3, no_crs_g3)

    def test_intersection(self):
        self._test_binary_topological("intersection", self.t1, self.g1, self.g2)
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            self._test_binary_topological(
                "intersection", self.all_none, self.g1, self.empty
            )

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert len(self.g0.intersection(self.g9, align=True) == 8)
        assert len(self.g0.intersection(self.g9, align=False) == 7)

    def test_clip_by_rect(self):
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "clip_by_rect", self.g1, self.g10, *self.sq.bounds
        )
        # self.g1 and self.t3.bounds do not intersect
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "clip_by_rect", self.all_geometry_collection_empty, self.g1, *self.t3.bounds
        )

    def test_union_series(self):
        self._test_binary_topological("union", self.sq, self.g1, self.g2)

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert len(self.g0.union(self.g9, align=True) == 8)
        assert len(self.g0.union(self.g9, align=False) == 7)

    def test_union_polygon(self):
        self._test_binary_topological("union", self.sq, self.g1, self.t2)

    def test_symmetric_difference_series(self):
        self._test_binary_topological("symmetric_difference", self.sq, self.g3, self.g4)

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert len(self.g0.symmetric_difference(self.g9, align=True) == 8)
        assert len(self.g0.symmetric_difference(self.g9, align=False) == 7)

    def test_symmetric_difference_poly(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([GeometryCollection(), self.sq], crs=self.g3.crs)
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "symmetric_difference", expected, self.g3, self.t1
        )

    def test_difference_series(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([GeometryCollection(), self.t2])
        self._test_binary_topological("difference", expected, self.g1, self.g2)

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert len(self.g0.difference(self.g9, align=True) == 8)
        assert len(self.g0.difference(self.g9, align=False) == 7)

    def test_difference_poly(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t1])
        self._test_binary_topological("difference", expected, self.g1, self.t2)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_shortest_line(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([LineString([(1, 1), (5, 5)]), None])
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.shortest_line(self.p0))

        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                LineString([(5, 5), (1, 1)]),
                LineString([(2, 0), (2, 0)]),
            ]
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g6.shortest_line(self.g7))

        expected = GeoSeries(
            [LineString([(0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5)]), LineString([(0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5)])]
        )
        crossed_lines_inv = self.crossed_lines[::-1]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(
            expected, self.crossed_lines.shortest_line(crossed_lines_inv, align=False)
        )

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_shortest_line_not(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.na_none.shortest_line(self.p0)

    def test_geo_op_empty_result(self):
        l1 = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
        l2 = LineString([(2, 2), (3, 3)])
        expected = GeoSeries([GeometryCollection()])
        # binary geo resulting in empty geometry
        result = GeoSeries([l1]).intersection(l2)
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, expected)
        # binary geo empty result with right GeoSeries
        result = GeoSeries([l1]).intersection(GeoSeries([l2]))
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, expected)
        # unary geo resulting in empty geometry
        result = GeoSeries([GeometryCollection()]).convex_hull
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, expected)

    def test_boundary(self):
        l1 = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 0)])
        l2 = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (0, 0)])
        expected = GeoSeries([l1, l2], index=self.g1.index, crs=self.g1.crs)

        self._test_unary_topological("boundary", expected, self.g1)

    def test_area(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([0.5, 1.0]), index=self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("area", expected, self.g1)

        expected = Series(np.array([0.5, np.nan]), index=self.na_none.index)
        self._test_unary_real("area", expected, self.na_none)

    def test_area_crs_warn(self):
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            self.g4.area

    def test_bounds(self):
        # Set columns to get the order right
        expected = DataFrame(
            {
                "minx": [0.0, 0.0],
                "miny": [0.0, 0.0],
                "maxx": [1.0, 1.0],
                "maxy": [1.0, 1.0],
            },
            index=self.g1.index,
            columns=["minx", "miny", "maxx", "maxy"],
        )

        result = self.g1.bounds
        assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

        gdf = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.g1)
        result = gdf.bounds
        assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    def test_bounds_empty(self):
        # test bounds of empty GeoSeries
        # https://github.com/geopandas/geopandas/issues/1195
        s = GeoSeries([])
        result = s.bounds
        expected = DataFrame(
            columns=["minx", "miny", "maxx", "maxy"], index=s.index, dtype="float64"
        )
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_unary_union(self):
        p1 = self.t1
        p2 = Polygon([(2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 1)])
        expected = unary_union([p1, p2])
        g = GeoSeries([p1, p2])

        self._test_unary_topological("unary_union", expected, g)

        g2 = GeoSeries([p1, None])
        self._test_unary_topological("unary_union", p1, g2)

        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match="`unary_union` returned None"):
            g3 = GeoSeries([None, None])
            assert g3.unary_union is None

    def test_cascaded_union_deprecated(self):
        p1 = self.t1
        p2 = Polygon([(2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 1)])
        g = GeoSeries([p1, p2])
        with pytest.warns(
            FutureWarning, match="The 'cascaded_union' attribute is deprecated"
        ):
            result = g.cascaded_union
        assert result == g.unary_union

    def test_contains(self):
        expected = [True, False, True, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.contains(self.t1))

        expected = [False, True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.contains(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False, False, True, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.contains(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_length(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([2 + np.sqrt(2), 4]), index=self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("length", expected, self.g1)

        expected = Series(np.array([2 + np.sqrt(2), np.nan]), index=self.na_none.index)
        self._test_unary_real("length", expected, self.na_none)

    def test_length_crs_warn(self):
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            self.g4.length

    def test_crosses(self):
        expected = [False, False, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.crosses(self.t1))

        expected = [False, True]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.crossed_lines.crosses(self.l3))

        expected = [False] * 8
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.crosses(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False] * 7
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.crosses(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_disjoint(self):
        expected = [False, False, False, False, False, True, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.disjoint(self.t1))

        expected = [False] * 8
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.disjoint(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False, False, False, False, True, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.disjoint(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_relate(self):
        expected = Series(
            [
                "212101212",
                "212101212",
                "212FF1FF2",
                "2FFF1FFF2",
                "FF2F112F2",
                "FF0FFF212",
                None,
            ],
            index=self.g0.index,
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.relate(self.inner_sq))

        expected = Series(["FF0FFF212", None], index=self.g6.index)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g6.relate(self.na_none))

        expected = Series(
            [
                None,
                "2FFF1FFF2",
                "2FFF1FFF2",
                "2FFF1FFF2",
                "2FFF1FFF2",
                "0FFFFFFF2",
                None,
                None,
            ],
            index=range(8),
        )

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.relate(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = Series(
            [
                "FF2F11212",
                "2FF11F212",
                "212FF1FF2",
                "FF2F1F212",
                "FF2FF10F2",
                None,
                None,
            ],
            index=self.g0.index,
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.relate(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_distance(self):
        expected = Series(
            np.array([np.sqrt((5 - 1) ** 2 + (5 - 1) ** 2), np.nan]), self.na_none.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.distance(self.p0))

        expected = Series(np.array([np.sqrt(4**2 + 4**2), np.nan]), self.g6.index)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g6.distance(self.na_none))

        expected = Series(np.array([np.nan, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, np.nan, np.nan]), range(8))
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.distance(self.g9, align=True))

        val = self.g0.iloc[4].distance(self.g9.iloc[4])
        expected = Series(np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, val, np.nan, np.nan]), self.g0.index)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.distance(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_distance_crs_warning(self):
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            self.g4.distance(self.p0)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="requires hausdorff_distance in shapely 2.0+",
    )
    def test_hausdorff_distance(self):
        # closest point is (0, 0) in self.p1
        expected = Series(
            np.array([np.sqrt(5**2 + 5**2), np.nan]), self.na_none.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.hausdorff_distance(self.p0))

        expected = Series(
            np.array([np.sqrt(5**2 + 5**2), np.nan]), self.na_none.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.hausdorff_distance(self.p0))

        expected = Series(np.array([np.nan, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, np.nan, np.nan]), range(8))
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(
                expected, self.g0.hausdorff_distance(self.g9, align=True)
            )

        val_1 = self.g0.iloc[0].hausdorff_distance(self.g9.iloc[0])
        val_2 = self.g0.iloc[2].hausdorff_distance(self.g9.iloc[2])
        val_3 = self.g0.iloc[4].hausdorff_distance(self.g9.iloc[4])
        expected = Series(
            np.array([val_1, val_1, val_2, val_2, val_3, np.nan, np.nan]), self.g0.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(
            expected, self.g0.hausdorff_distance(self.g9, align=False)
        )

        expected = Series(np.array([52.5]), self.g12.index)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(
            expected, self.g12.hausdorff_distance(self.g13, densify=0.25)
        )

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="hausdorff_distance not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_hausdorff_distance_not(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.g0.hausdorff_distance(self.g9)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 10, 0), reason="buggy with GEOS<3.10"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="requires frechet_distance in shapely 2.0+",
    )
    def test_frechet_distance(self):
        # closest point is (0, 0) in self.p1
        expected = Series(
            np.array([np.sqrt(5**2 + 5**2), np.nan]), self.na_none.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.frechet_distance(self.p0))

        expected = Series(np.array([np.nan, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, np.nan, np.nan]), range(8))
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(
                expected, self.g0.frechet_distance(self.g9, align=True)
            )

        # expected returns
        val_1 = 1.0
        val_2 = np.sqrt(2) / 4
        val_3 = np.sqrt(2) / 2
        val_4 = (np.sqrt(2) / 2) * 10
        expected = Series(
            np.array([val_1, val_1, val_2, val_3, val_4, np.nan, np.nan]), self.g0.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(
            expected, self.g0.frechet_distance(self.g9, align=False)
        )

        expected = Series(
            np.array([np.sqrt(100**2 + (100 - 5) ** 2)]), self.g12.index
        )
        assert_array_dtype_equal(
            expected, self.g12.frechet_distance(self.g13, densify=0.25)
        )

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="frechet_distance not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_frechet_distance_not(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.g0.frechet_distance(self.g9)

    def test_intersects(self):
        expected = [True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.intersects(self.t1))

        expected = [True, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.na_none.intersects(self.t2))

        expected = np.array([], dtype=bool)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.empty.intersects(self.t1))

        expected = np.array([], dtype=bool)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.empty.intersects(self.empty_poly))

        expected = [False] * 7
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.intersects(self.empty_poly))

        expected = [False, True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.intersects(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [True, True, True, True, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.intersects(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_overlaps(self):
        expected = [True, True, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.overlaps(self.inner_sq))

        expected = [False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g4.overlaps(self.t1))

        expected = [False] * 8
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.overlaps(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False] * 7
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.overlaps(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_touches(self):
        expected = [False, True, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.touches(self.t1))

        expected = [False] * 8
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.touches(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [True, False, False, True, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.touches(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_within(self):
        expected = [True, False, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.within(self.t1))

        expected = [True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.within(self.sq))

        expected = [False, True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.within(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False, True, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.within(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_covers_itself(self):
        # Each polygon in a Series covers itself
        res = self.g1.covers(self.g1)
        exp = Series([True, True])
        assert_series_equal(res, exp)

    def test_covers(self):
        res = self.g7.covers(self.g8)
        exp = Series([True, False])
        assert_series_equal(res, exp)

        expected = [False, True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.covers(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False, False, True, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.covers(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_covers_inverse(self):
        res = self.g8.covers(self.g7)
        exp = Series([False, False])
        assert_series_equal(res, exp)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="covered_by is only implemented for pygeos, not shapely",
    )
    def test_covered_by(self):
        res = self.g1.covered_by(self.g1)
        exp = Series([True, True])
        assert_series_equal(res, exp)

        expected = [False, True, True, True, True, True, False, False]
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.covered_by(self.g9, align=True))

        expected = [False, True, False, False, False, False, False]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected, self.g0.covered_by(self.g9, align=False))

    def test_is_valid(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([True] * len(self.g1)), self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("is_valid", expected, self.g1)

    def test_is_empty(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([False] * len(self.g1)), self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("is_empty", expected, self.g1)

    # for is_ring we raise a warning about the value for Polygon changing
    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:is_ring:FutureWarning")
    def test_is_ring(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([True] * len(self.g1)), self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("is_ring", expected, self.g1)

    def test_is_simple(self):
        expected = Series(np.array([True] * len(self.g1)), self.g1.index)
        self._test_unary_real("is_simple", expected, self.g1)

    def test_has_z(self):
        expected = Series([False, True], self.g_3d.index)
        self._test_unary_real("has_z", expected, self.g_3d)

    def test_xyz_points(self):
        expected_x = [-73.9847, -74.0446]
        expected_y = [40.7484, 40.6893]
        expected_z = [30.3244, 31.2344]

        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_x, self.landmarks.geometry.x)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_y, self.landmarks.geometry.y)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_z, self.landmarks.geometry.z)

        # mixed dimensions
        expected_z = [30.3244, 31.2344, np.nan]
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_z, self.landmarks_mixed.geometry.z)

    def test_xyz_points_empty(self):
        expected_x = [-73.9847, -74.0446, -73.9847, np.nan]
        expected_y = [40.7484, 40.6893, 40.7484, np.nan]
        expected_z = [30.3244, 31.2344, np.nan, np.nan]

        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_x, self.landmarks_mixed_empty.geometry.x)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_y, self.landmarks_mixed_empty.geometry.y)
        assert_array_dtype_equal(expected_z, self.landmarks_mixed_empty.geometry.z)

    def test_xyz_polygons(self):
        # accessing x attribute in polygon geoseries should raise an error
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            _ = self.gdf1.geometry.x
        # and same for accessing y attribute in polygon geoseries
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            _ = self.gdf1.geometry.y
        # and same for accessing z attribute in polygon geoseries
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            _ = self.gdfz.geometry.z

    def test_centroid(self):
        polygon = Polygon([(-1, -1), (1, -1), (1, 1), (-1, 1)])
        point = Point(0, 0)
        polygons = GeoSeries([polygon for i in range(3)])
        points = GeoSeries([point for i in range(3)])
        assert_geoseries_equal(polygons.centroid, points)

    def test_centroid_crs_warn(self):
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            self.g4.centroid

    def test_normalize(self):
        polygon = Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
        linestring = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0)])
        point = Point(0, 0)
        series = GeoSeries([polygon, linestring, point])
        polygon2 = Polygon([(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)])
        expected = GeoSeries([polygon2, linestring, point])
        assert_geoseries_equal(series.normalize(), expected)

    def test_make_valid(self):
        polygon1 = Polygon([(0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 0)])
        polygon2 = Polygon([(0, 2), (0, 1), (2, 0), (0, 0), (0, 2)])
        linestring = LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0)])
        series = GeoSeries([polygon1, polygon2, linestring])
        out_polygon1 = MultiPolygon(
            [
                Polygon([(1, 1), (0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 1)]),
                Polygon([(2, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 0)]),
            ]
        )
        out_polygon2 = GeometryCollection(
            [Polygon([(2, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 0)]), LineString([(0, 2), (0, 1)])]
        )
        expected = GeoSeries([out_polygon1, out_polygon2, linestring])
        assert not series.is_valid.all()
        result = series.make_valid()
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, expected)
        assert result.is_valid.all()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason=("reverse is only implemented for pygeos and shapely >= 2.0"),
    )
    def test_reverse(self):
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                LineString([(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)]),
                LineString([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]),
            ]
        )
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected, self.g5.reverse())

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="reverse not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_reverse_not_implemented(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.g5.reverse()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="segmentize keyword introduced in shapely 2.0",
    )
    def test_segmentize_shapely_pre20(self):
        s = GeoSeries([Point(1, 1)])
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError,
            match=f"shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required, "
            f"version {shapely.__version__} is installed",
        ):
            s.segmentize(max_segment_length=1)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 10, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.10"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="segmentize keyword introduced in shapely 2.0",
    )
    def test_segmentize_linestrings(self):
        expected_g1 = GeoSeries(
            [
                Polygon(
                    (
                        (
                            (0, 0),
                            (0.5, 0),
                            (1, 0),
                            (1, 0.5),
                            (1, 1),
                            (0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666),
                            (0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333),
                            (0, 0),
                        )
                    )
                ),
                Polygon(
                    (
                        (
                            (0, 0),
                            (0.5, 0),
                            (1, 0),
                            (1, 0.5),
                            (1, 1),
                            (0.5, 1),
                            (0, 1),
                            (0, 0.5),
                            (0, 0),
                        )
                    )
                ),
            ]
        )
        expected_g5 = GeoSeries(
            [
                LineString([(0, 0), (0, 0.5), (0, 1), (0.5, 1), (1, 1)]),
                LineString(
                    [(0, 0), (0.5, 0), (1, 0), (1, 0.5), (1, 1), (0.5, 1), (0, 1)]
                ),
            ]
        )
        result_g1 = self.g1.segmentize(max_segment_length=0.5)
        result_g5 = self.g5.segmentize(max_segment_length=0.5)
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected_g1, result_g1)
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected_g5, result_g5)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        compat.SHAPELY_GE_20,
        reason="concave_hull is implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    def test_concave_hull_not_implemented_shapely_pre2(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError,
            match=f"shapely >= 2.0 is required, "
            f"version {shapely.__version__} is installed",
        ):
            self.squares.concave_hull()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS and compat.SHAPELY_GE_20),
        reason="concave_hull is only implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    def test_concave_hull_pygeos_set_shapely_installed(self):
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                Polygon([(0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0), (0, 1)]),
                Polygon([(1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0)]),
            ]
        )
        with pytest.warns(
            UserWarning,
            match="PyGEOS does not support concave_hull, and Shapely >= 2 is installed",
        ):
            assert_geoseries_equal(expected, self.g5.concave_hull())

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 11, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.11"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not compat.USE_SHAPELY_20,
        reason="concave_hull is only implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    def test_concave_hull(self):
        assert_geoseries_equal(self.squares, self.squares.concave_hull())

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 11, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.11"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not compat.USE_SHAPELY_20,
        reason="concave_hull is only implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "expected_series,ratio",
        [
            ([(0, 0), (0, 3), (1, 1), (3, 3), (3, 0), (0, 0)], 0.0),
            ([(0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 3), (3, 0), (0, 0)], 1.0),
        ],
    )
    def test_concave_hull_accepts_kwargs(self, expected_series, ratio):
        expected = GeoSeries(Polygon(expected_series))
        s = GeoSeries(MultiPoint([(0, 0), (0, 3), (1, 1), (3, 0), (3, 3)]))
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected, s.concave_hull(ratio=ratio))

    def test_convex_hull(self):
        # the convex hull of a square should be the same as the square
        assert_geoseries_equal(self.squares, self.squares.convex_hull)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="delaunay_triangles not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_delaunay_triangles(self):
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                GeometryCollection([Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 0)])]),
                GeometryCollection([Polygon([(0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])]),
            ]
        )
        dlt = self.g3.delaunay_triangles()
        assert isinstance(dlt, GeoSeries)
        assert_series_equal(expected, dlt)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="delaunay_triangles not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_delaunay_triangles_pass_kwargs(self):
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                MultiLineString([[(0, 0), (1, 1)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(1, 0), (1, 1)]]),
                MultiLineString([[(0, 1), (1, 1)], [(0, 0), (0, 1)], [(0, 0), (1, 1)]]),
            ]
        )
        dlt = self.g3.delaunay_triangles(only_edges=True)
        assert isinstance(dlt, GeoSeries)
        assert_series_equal(expected, dlt)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20,
        reason="delaunay_triangles implemented for shapely>2",
    )
    def test_delaunay_triangles_shapely_pre20(self):
        s = GeoSeries([Point(1, 1)])
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError,
            match=f"shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required, "
            f"version {shapely.__version__} is installed",
        ):
            s.delaunay_triangles()

    def test_exterior(self):
        exp_exterior = GeoSeries([LinearRing(p.boundary) for p in self.g3])
        for expected, computed in zip(exp_exterior, self.g3.exterior):
            assert computed.equals(expected)

    def test_interiors(self):
        original = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.nested_squares])

        # This is a polygon with no interior.
        expected = []
        assert original.interiors[0] == expected
        # This is a polygon with an interior.
        expected = LinearRing(self.inner_sq.boundary)
        assert original.interiors[1][0].equals(expected)

    def test_interpolate(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([Point(0.5, 1.0), Point(0.75, 1.0)])
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "interpolate", expected, self.g5, 0.75, normalized=True
        )

        expected = GeoSeries([Point(0.5, 1.0), Point(1.0, 0.5)])
        self._test_binary_topological("interpolate", expected, self.g5, 1.5)

    def test_interpolate_distance_array(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([Point(0.0, 0.75), Point(1.0, 0.5)])
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "interpolate", expected, self.g5, np.array([0.75, 1.5])
        )

        expected = GeoSeries([Point(0.5, 1.0), Point(0.0, 1.0)])
        self._test_binary_topological(
            "interpolate", expected, self.g5, np.array([0.75, 1.5]), normalized=True
        )

    def test_interpolate_distance_wrong_length(self):
        distances = np.array([1, 2, 3])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.g5.interpolate(distances)

    def test_interpolate_distance_wrong_index(self):
        distances = Series([1, 2], index=[99, 98])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.g5.interpolate(distances)

    def test_interpolate_crs_warning(self):
        g5_crs = self.g5.copy()
        g5_crs.crs = 4326
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            g5_crs.interpolate(1)

    def test_project(self):
        expected = Series([2.0, 1.5], index=self.g5.index)
        p = Point(1.0, 0.5)
        self._test_binary_real("project", expected, self.g5, p)

        expected = Series([1.0, 0.5], index=self.g5.index)
        self._test_binary_real("project", expected, self.g5, p, normalized=True)

        s = GeoSeries([Point(2, 2), Point(0.5, 0.5)], index=[1, 2])
        expected = Series([np.nan, 2.0, np.nan])
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="The indices .+ different"):
            assert_series_equal(self.g5.project(s), expected)

        expected = Series([2.0, 0.5], index=self.g5.index)
        assert_series_equal(self.g5.project(s, align=False), expected)

    def test_affine_transform(self):
        # 45 degree reflection matrix
        matrix = [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]
        expected = self.g4

        res = self.g3.affine_transform(matrix)
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected, res)

    def test_translate_tuple(self):
        trans = self.sol.x - self.esb.x, self.sol.y - self.esb.y
        assert self.landmarks.translate(*trans)[0].equals(self.sol)

        res = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.landmarks).translate(*trans)[0]
        assert res.equals(self.sol)

    def test_rotate(self):
        angle = 98
        expected = self.g4

        o = Point(0, 0)
        res = self.g4.rotate(angle, origin=o).rotate(-angle, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(self.g4, res)

        res = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.g4).rotate(angle, origin=Point(0, 0))
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res.rotate(-angle, origin=o))

    def test_scale(self):
        expected = self.g4

        scale = 2.0, 1.0
        inv = tuple(1.0 / i for i in scale)

        o = Point(0, 0)
        res = self.g4.scale(*scale, origin=o).scale(*inv, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

        res = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.g4).scale(*scale, origin=o)
        res = res.scale(*inv, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

    def test_skew(self):
        expected = self.g4

        skew = 45.0
        o = Point(0, 0)

        # Test xs
        res = self.g4.skew(xs=skew, origin=o).skew(xs=-skew, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

        res = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.g4).skew(xs=skew, origin=o)
        res = res.skew(xs=-skew, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

        # Test ys
        res = self.g4.skew(ys=skew, origin=o).skew(ys=-skew, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

        res = self.gdf1.set_geometry(self.g4).skew(ys=skew, origin=o)
        res = res.skew(ys=-skew, origin=o)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, res)

    def test_buffer(self):
        original = GeoSeries([Point(0, 0)])
        expected = GeoSeries([Polygon(((5, 0), (0, -5), (-5, 0), (0, 5), (5, 0)))])
        calculated = original.buffer(5, resolution=1)
        assert geom_almost_equals(expected, calculated)

    def test_buffer_args(self):
        args = {"cap_style": 3, "join_style": 2, "mitre_limit": 2.5}
        calculated_series = self.g0.buffer(10, **args)
        for original, calculated in zip(self.g0, calculated_series):
            if original is None:
                assert calculated is None
            else:
                expected = original.buffer(10, **args)
                assert calculated.equals(expected)

    def test_buffer_distance_array(self):
        original = GeoSeries([self.p0, self.p0])
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [
                Polygon(((6, 5), (5, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5))),
                Polygon(((10, 5), (5, 0), (0, 5), (5, 10), (10, 5))),
            ]
        )
        calculated = original.buffer(np.array([1, 5]), resolution=1)
        assert_geoseries_equal(calculated, expected, check_less_precise=True)

    def test_buffer_distance_wrong_length(self):
        original = GeoSeries([self.p0, self.p0])
        distances = np.array([1, 2, 3])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            original.buffer(distances)

    def test_buffer_distance_wrong_index(self):
        original = GeoSeries([self.p0, self.p0], index=[0, 1])
        distances = Series(data=[1, 2], index=[99, 98])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            original.buffer(distances)

    def test_buffer_empty_none(self):
        p = Polygon([(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0)])
        s = GeoSeries([p, GeometryCollection(), None])
        result = s.buffer(0)
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, s)

        result = s.buffer(np.array([0, 0, 0]))
        assert_geoseries_equal(result, s)

    def test_buffer_crs_warn(self):
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Geometry is in a geographic CRS"):
            self.g4.buffer(1)

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as record:
            # do not warn for 0
            self.g4.buffer(0)

        for r in record:
            assert "Geometry is in a geographic CRS." not in str(r.message)

    def test_envelope(self):
        e = self.g3.envelope
        assert np.all(e.geom_equals(self.sq))
        assert isinstance(e, GeoSeries)
        assert self.g3.crs == e.crs

    def test_minimum_rotated_rectangle(self):
        s = GeoSeries([self.sq, self.t5], crs=3857)
        r = s.minimum_rotated_rectangle()
        exp = GeoSeries.from_wkt(
            [
                "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))",
                "POLYGON ((2 0, 2 3, 3 3, 3 0, 2 0))",
            ]
        )

        assert np.all(r.normalize().geom_equals_exact(exp, 0.001))
        assert isinstance(r, GeoSeries)
        assert s.crs == r.crs

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason=(
            "extract_unique_points is only implemented for pygeos and shapely >= 2.0"
        ),
    )
    def test_extract_unique_points(self):
        eup = GeoSeries([self.t6]).extract_unique_points()
        expected = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([(2, 0), (3, 0)])])
        assert_series_equal(eup, expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="extract_unique_points not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_extract_unique_points_not_implemented(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.g1.extract_unique_points()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="minimum_bounding_circle is only implemented for pygeos, not shapely",
    )
    def test_minimum_bounding_circle(self):
        mbc = self.g1.minimum_bounding_circle()
        centers = GeoSeries([Point(0.5, 0.5)] * 2)
        assert np.all(mbc.centroid.geom_almost_equals(centers, 0.001))
        assert_series_equal(
            mbc.area,
            Series([1.560723, 1.560723]),
        )
        assert isinstance(mbc, GeoSeries)
        assert self.g1.crs == mbc.crs

    def test_total_bounds(self):
        bbox = self.sol.x, self.sol.y, self.esb.x, self.esb.y
        assert isinstance(self.landmarks.total_bounds, np.ndarray)
        assert tuple(self.landmarks.total_bounds) == bbox

        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"geometry": self.landmarks, "col1": range(len(self.landmarks))}
        )
        assert tuple(df.total_bounds) == bbox

    def test_explode_geoseries(self):
        s = GeoSeries(
            [MultiPoint([(0, 0), (1, 1)]), MultiPoint([(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)])],
            crs=4326,
        )
        s.index.name = "test_index_name"
        expected_index_name = ["test_index_name", None]
        index = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)]
        expected = GeoSeries(
            [Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1), Point(2, 2), Point(3, 3), Point(4, 4)],
            index=MultiIndex.from_tuples(index, names=expected_index_name),
            crs=4326,
        )
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match="Currently, index_parts defaults"):
            assert_geoseries_equal(expected, s.explode())

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index_name", [None, "test"])
    def test_explode_geodataframe(self, index_name):
        s = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3)]), Point(5, 5)])
        df = GeoDataFrame({"col": [1, 2], "geometry": s})
        df.index.name = index_name

        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match="Currently, index_parts defaults"):
            test_df = df.explode()

        expected_s = GeoSeries([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3), Point(5, 5)])
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"col": [1, 1, 2], "geometry": expected_s})
        expected_index = MultiIndex(
            [[0, 1], [0, 1]],  # levels
            [[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]],  # labels/codes
            names=[index_name, None],
        )
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index_name", [None, "test"])
    def test_explode_geodataframe_level_1(self, index_name):
        # GH1393
        s = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3)]), Point(5, 5)])
        df = GeoDataFrame({"level_1": [1, 2], "geometry": s})
        df.index.name = index_name

        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        expected_s = GeoSeries([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3), Point(5, 5)])
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"level_1": [1, 1, 2], "geometry": expected_s})
        expected_index = MultiIndex(
            [[0, 1], [0, 1]],  # levels
            [[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]],  # labels/codes
            names=[index_name, None],
        )
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index_name", [None, "test"])
    def test_explode_geodataframe_no_multiindex(self, index_name):
        # GH1393
        s = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3)]), Point(5, 5)])
        df = GeoDataFrame({"level_1": [1, 2], "geometry": s})
        df.index.name = index_name

        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=False)

        expected_s = GeoSeries([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3), Point(5, 5)])
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"level_1": [1, 1, 2], "geometry": expected_s})

        expected_index = Index([0, 0, 1], name=index_name)
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_pandas_fallback(self):
        d = {
            "col1": [["name1", "name2"], ["name3", "name4"]],
            "geometry": [MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]), MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)])],
        }
        gdf = GeoDataFrame(d, crs=4326)
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {
                "col1": ["name1", "name2", "name3", "name4"],
                "geometry": [
                    MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]),
                    MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]),
                    MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)]),
                    MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)]),
                ],
            },
            index=[0, 0, 1, 1],
            crs=4326,
        )

        # Test with column provided as arg
        exploded_df = gdf.explode("col1")
        assert_geodataframe_equal(exploded_df, expected_df)

        # Test with column provided as kwarg
        exploded_df = gdf.explode(column="col1")
        assert_geodataframe_equal(exploded_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_pandas_fallback_ignore_index(self):
        d = {
            "col1": [["name1", "name2"], ["name3", "name4"]],
            "geometry": [MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]), MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)])],
        }
        gdf = GeoDataFrame(d, crs=4326)
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {
                "col1": ["name1", "name2", "name3", "name4"],
                "geometry": [
                    MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]),
                    MultiPoint([(1, 2), (3, 4)]),
                    MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)]),
                    MultiPoint([(2, 1), (0, 0)]),
                ],
            },
            crs=4326,
        )

        # Test with column provided as arg
        exploded_df = gdf.explode("col1", ignore_index=True)
        assert_geodataframe_equal(exploded_df, expected_df)

        # Test with column provided as kwarg
        exploded_df = gdf.explode(column="col1", ignore_index=True)
        assert_geodataframe_equal(exploded_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("outer_index", [1, (1, 2), "1"])
    def test_explode_pandas_multi_index(self, outer_index):
        index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[outer_index, outer_index, outer_index], [1, 2, 3]],
            names=("first", "second"),
        )
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(3)],
            index=index,
        )

        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        expected_s = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(2, 2),
                Point(2, 0),
            ]
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], "geometry": expected_s})
        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [
                (outer_index, *pair)
                for pair in [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)]
            ],
            names=["first", "second", None],
        )
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("outer_index", [1, (1, 2), "1"])
    def test_explode_pandas_multi_index_false(self, outer_index):
        index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[outer_index, outer_index, outer_index], [1, 2, 3]],
            names=("first", "second"),
        )
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(3)],
            index=index,
        )

        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=False)

        expected_s = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(2, 2),
                Point(2, 0),
            ]
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], "geometry": expected_s})
        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [
                (outer_index, 1),
                (outer_index, 1),
                (outer_index, 2),
                (outer_index, 2),
                (outer_index, 3),
                (outer_index, 3),
            ],
            names=["first", "second"],
        )
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("outer_index", [1, (1, 2), "1"])
    def test_explode_pandas_multi_index_ignore_index(self, outer_index):
        index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[outer_index, outer_index, outer_index], [1, 2, 3]],
            names=("first", "second"),
        )
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(3)],
            index=index,
        )

        test_df = df.explode(ignore_index=True)

        expected_s = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(2, 2),
                Point(2, 0),
            ]
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame({"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], "geometry": expected_s})
        expected_index = Index(range(len(expected_df)))
        expected_df = expected_df.set_index(expected_index)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

        # index_parts is ignored if ignore_index=True
        test_df = df.explode(ignore_index=True, index_parts=True)
        assert_frame_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_order(self):
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(3)],
            index=[2, 9, 7],
        )
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[2, 2, 9, 9, 7, 7], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]],
        )
        expected_geometry = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(2, 2),
                Point(2, 0),
            ],
            index=expected_index,
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]},
            geometry=expected_geometry,
            index=expected_index,
        )
        assert_geodataframe_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_order_no_multi(self):
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[Point(0, x) for x in range(3)],
            index=[2, 9, 7],
        )
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[2, 9, 7], [0, 0, 0]],
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[Point(0, x) for x in range(3)],
            index=expected_index,
        )
        assert_geodataframe_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_order_mixed(self):
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(2)] + [Point(0, 10)],
            index=[2, 9, 7],
        )
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[2, 2, 9, 9, 7], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]],
        )
        expected_geometry = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(0, 10),
            ],
            index=expected_index,
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3]},
            geometry=expected_geometry,
            index=expected_index,
        )
        assert_geodataframe_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    def test_explode_duplicated_index(self):
        df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 2, 3]},
            geometry=[MultiPoint([(x, x), (x, 0)]) for x in range(3)],
            index=[1, 1, 2],
        )
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)
        expected_index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
            [[1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]],
        )
        expected_geometry = GeoSeries(
            [
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(0, 0),
                Point(1, 1),
                Point(1, 0),
                Point(2, 2),
                Point(2, 0),
            ],
            index=expected_index,
        )
        expected_df = GeoDataFrame(
            {"vals": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]},
            geometry=expected_geometry,
            index=expected_index,
        )
        assert_geodataframe_equal(test_df, expected_df)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("geom_col", ["geom", "geometry"])
    def test_explode_geometry_name(self, geom_col):
        s = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3)]), Point(5, 5)])
        df = GeoDataFrame({"col": [1, 2], geom_col: s}, geometry=geom_col)
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        assert test_df.geometry.name == geom_col
        assert test_df.geometry.name == test_df._geometry_column_name

    def test_explode_geometry_name_two_geoms(self):
        s = GeoSeries([MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(2, 3)]), Point(5, 5)])
        df = GeoDataFrame({"col": [1, 2], "geom": s, "geometry": s}, geometry="geom")
        test_df = df.explode(index_parts=True)

        assert test_df.geometry.name == "geom"
        assert test_df.geometry.name == test_df._geometry_column_name
        assert "geometry" in test_df.columns

    #
    # Test '&', '|', '^', and '-'
    #
    def test_intersection_operator(self):
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__and__", self.t1, self.g1, self.g2)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__and__", self.t1, self.gdf1, self.g2)

    def test_union_operator(self):
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__or__", self.sq, self.g1, self.g2)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__or__", self.sq, self.gdf1, self.g2)

    def test_union_operator_polygon(self):
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__or__", self.sq, self.g1, self.t2)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__or__", self.sq, self.gdf1, self.t2)

    def test_symmetric_difference_operator(self):
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__xor__", self.sq, self.g3, self.g4)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__xor__", self.sq, self.gdf3, self.g4)

    def test_difference_series2(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([GeometryCollection(), self.t2])
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__sub__", expected, self.g1, self.g2)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__sub__", expected, self.gdf1, self.g2)

    def test_difference_poly2(self):
        expected = GeoSeries([self.t1, self.t1])
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__sub__", expected, self.g1, self.t2)
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            self._test_binary_operator("__sub__", expected, self.gdf1, self.t2)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_get_coordinates(self):
        expected = DataFrame(
            data=self.expected_2d,
            columns=["x", "y"],
            index=[0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6],
        )
        assert_frame_equal(self.g11.get_coordinates(), expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_get_coordinates_z(self):
        expected = DataFrame(
            data=self.expected_3d,
            columns=["x", "y", "z"],
            index=[0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6],
        )
        assert_frame_equal(self.g11.get_coordinates(include_z=True), expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_get_coordinates_ignore(self):
        expected = DataFrame(
            data=self.expected_2d,
            columns=["x", "y"],
        )
        assert_frame_equal(self.g11.get_coordinates(ignore_index=True), expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_get_coordinates_parts(self):
        expected = DataFrame(
            data=self.expected_2d,
            columns=["x", "y"],
            index=MultiIndex.from_tuples(
                [
                    (0, 0),
                    (1, 0),
                    (3, 0),
                    (3, 1),
                    (3, 2),
                    (3, 3),
                    (4, 0),
                    (4, 1),
                    (4, 2),
                    (4, 3),
                    (6, 0),
                    (6, 1),
                    (6, 2),
                ]
            ),
        )
        assert_frame_equal(self.g11.get_coordinates(index_parts=True), expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_get_coordinates_not(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS are required"
        ):
            self.g11.get_coordinates()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="minimum_bounding_radius not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_minimum_bounding_radius(self):
        mbr_geoms = self.g1.minimum_bounding_radius()

        assert_series_equal(
            mbr_geoms,
            Series([0.707106, 0.707106]),
        )

        mbr_lines = self.g5.minimum_bounding_radius()

        assert_series_equal(
            mbr_lines,
            Series([0.707106, 0.707106]),
        )

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="minimum_bounding_radius not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_minimium_bounding_radius_not(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError, match="shapely >= 2.0 or PyGEOS is required"
        ):
            self.g1.minimum_bounding_radius()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="array input in interpolate is not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [10, 20, 50])
    def test_sample_points(self, size):
        for gs in (
            self.g1,
            self.na,
            self.a1,
            self.na_none,
        ):
            output = gs.sample_points(size)
            assert_index_equal(gs.index, output.index)
            assert (
                len(output.explode(ignore_index=True))
                == len(gs[~(gs.is_empty | gs.isna())]) * size
            )
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match="The 'seed' keyword is deprecated"):
            _ = gs.sample_points(size, seed=1)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="array input in interpolate is not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    def test_sample_points_array(self):
        output = concat([self.g1, self.g1]).sample_points([10, 15, 20, 25])
        expected = Series(
            [10, 15, 20, 25], index=[0, 1, 0, 1], name="sampled_points", dtype="int32"
        )
        assert_series_equal(shapely.get_num_geometries(output), expected)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="get_coordinates not implemented for shapely<2",
    )
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [10, 20, 50])
    def test_sample_points_pointpats(self, size):
        pytest.importorskip("pointpats")
        for gs in (
            self.g1,
            self.na,
            self.a1,
        ):
            output = gs.sample_points(size, method="cluster_poisson")
            assert_index_equal(gs.index, output.index)
            assert (
                len(output.explode(ignore_index=True)) == len(gs[~gs.is_empty]) * size
            )

        with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match="pointpats.random module has no"):
            gs.sample_points(10, method="nonexistent")

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS or compat.USE_SHAPELY_20),
        reason="offset_curve is only implemented for pygeos, not shapely",
    )
    def test_offset_curve(self):
        oc = GeoSeries([self.l1]).offset_curve(1, join_style="mitre")
        expected = GeoSeries([LineString([[-1, 0], [-1, 2], [1, 2]])])
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected, oc)
        assert isinstance(oc, GeoSeries)

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 11, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.11"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        compat.SHAPELY_GE_20,
        reason="remove_repeated_points is implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    def test_remove_repeated_points_not_implemented_shapely_pre2(self):
        with pytest.raises(
            NotImplementedError,
            match=f"shapely >= 2.0 is required, "
            f"version {shapely.__version__} is installed",
        ):
            self.squares.remove_repeated_points()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 11, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.11"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (compat.USE_PYGEOS and compat.SHAPELY_GE_20),
        reason="remove_repeated_points is only implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    def test_remove_repeated_points_pygeos_set_shapely_installed(self):
        with pytest.warns(
            UserWarning,
            match=(
                "PyGEOS does not support remove_repeated_points, "
                "and Shapely >= 2 is installed"
            ),
        ):
            self.g1.remove_repeated_points()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        shapely.geos.geos_version < (3, 11, 0), reason="requires GEOS>=3.11"
    )
    @pytest.mark.skipif(
        not compat.USE_SHAPELY_20,
        reason="remove_repeated_points is only implemented for shapely >= 2.0",
    )
    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "geom,expected",
        [
            (
                GeoSeries(LinearRing([(0, 0), (1, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 0)])),
                GeoSeries(LinearRing([(0, 0), (1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 0)])),
            ),
            (
                GeoSeries(Polygon([(0, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)])),
                GeoSeries(Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)])),
            ),
        ],
    )
    def test_remove_repeated_points(self, geom, expected):
        assert_geoseries_equal(expected, geom.remove_repeated_points(tolerance=0.0))
