// A simple implementation of make-array
function makeArray (subject) {
  return Array.isArray(subject)
    ? subject
    : [subject]
}

const UNDEFINED = undefined
const EMPTY = ''
const SPACE = ' '
const ESCAPE = '\\'
const REGEX_TEST_BLANK_LINE = /^\s+$/
const REGEX_INVALID_TRAILING_BACKSLASH = /(?:[^\\]|^)\\$/
const REGEX_REPLACE_LEADING_EXCAPED_EXCLAMATION = /^\\!/
const REGEX_REPLACE_LEADING_EXCAPED_HASH = /^\\#/
const REGEX_SPLITALL_CRLF = /\r?\n/g

// Invalid:
// - /foo,
// - ./foo,
// - ../foo,
// - .
// - ..
// Valid:
// - .foo
const DOUBLE_SLASH = '//'
const SLASH_CODE = 47
const DOT_CODE = 46


const SLASH = '/'

// Do not use ternary expression here, since "istanbul ignore next" is buggy
let TMP_KEY_IGNORE = 'node-ignore'
/* istanbul ignore else */
if (typeof Symbol !== 'undefined') {
  TMP_KEY_IGNORE = Symbol.for('node-ignore')
}
const KEY_IGNORE = TMP_KEY_IGNORE

const define = (object, key, value) => {
  Object.defineProperty(object, key, {value})
  return value
}

const RETURN_FALSE = () => false

// See fixtures #59
const cleanRangeBackSlash = slashes => {
  const {length} = slashes
  return slashes.slice(0, length - length % 2)
}

// > The range notation, e.g. [a-zA-Z],
// > can be used to match one of the characters in a range.
//
// gitignore(5) defers to fnmatch(3) for this, and git implements it in
//   `wildmatch.c`.  A bracket expression has a sub-grammar of its own, which
//   is neither the surrounding pattern grammar nor the JavaScript one:
//
//   - a `]` right after `[` or `[!` is a literal member, not the terminator
//   - `[:alpha:]` names one of twelve POSIX classes
//   - `\` escapes the next member, `]` included
//   - `*`, `?` and `.` are plain literal members
//   - an unterminated expression makes the whole pattern match nothing
//
// which means the expression can not be located -- let alone translated -- by
//   a regular expression.  It is scanned out of the pattern before the
//   replacers below run, and put back once they are done, so that neither the
//   metacharacter escaper nor the `?` / `*` replacers ever see its body.

// git classifies with its own ASCII-only ctype macros (`wildmatch.c`), never
//   with the C library ones, so these must not be mapped onto `\d` / `\w` /
//   `\s`, which are wider.  `/` is left out of every expansion, because a
//   bracket expression never matches a path separator.
const POSIX_CLASSES = {
  alnum: '0-9A-Za-z',
  alpha: 'A-Za-z',
  blank: ' \\t',
  cntrl: '\\x00-\\x1f\\x7f',
  digit: '0-9',
  graph: '!-.0-~',
  lower: 'a-z',
  print: ' -.0-~',
  punct: '!-.:-@\\[-`{-~',
  // git's `sane-ctype.h` classifies \v and \f as control, not space,
  //   unlike C's `isspace`
  space: ' \\t\\n\\r',
  upper: 'A-Z',
  xdigit: '0-9A-Fa-f'
}

const CLASS_MEMBERS_TO_ESCAPE = '\\]^-['

const escapeMember = char => CLASS_MEMBERS_TO_ESCAPE.indexOf(char) < 0
  ? char
  : ESCAPE + char

// > if (matched == negated || ((flags & WM_PATHNAME) && text_ch == '/'))
// >   return WM_ABORT_TO_STARSTAR;                     (git, `wildmatch.c`)
// A bracket expression never matches a path separator, whatever its members
//   say, so a negated class gets `/` as one more excluded character, while a
//   plain one -- where a literal member or a range could still let `/` in --
//   is guarded with a lookahead, `/` being impossible to subtract from a
//   JavaScript character class.
const NON_SLASH = '(?!\\/)'

const classSource = (negated, body) => {
  if (negated) {
    return `[^\\/${body}]`
  }

  const source = `[${body}]`

  return new RegExp(source).test('/')
    ? NON_SLASH + source
    : source
}

// Scan the bracket expression that starts at `pattern[start] === '['`,
//   mirroring the member loop of git's `wildmatch.c`.
// @returns {{end: number, source: string} | null} `null` if the expression is
//   never terminated, which makes the whole pattern match nothing.
const scanBracket = (pattern, start) => {
  const {length} = pattern
  let index = start + 1
  let negated = EMPTY

  const lead = pattern[index]
  if (lead === '!' || lead === '^') {
    negated = '^'
    index ++
  }

  let body = EMPTY

  // The member a `-` could start a range from, or EMPTY when the previous
  //   member can not open one (start of the body, or a range / POSIX class
  //   that has just closed)
  let prev = EMPTY

  // git scans the members with a do-while, so the first one is consumed
  //   unconditionally.  That is the whole reason a leading `]` is a member
  //   and not the terminator.
  for (;;) {
    const char = pattern[index]

    if (char === UNDEFINED) {
      return null
    }

    if (char === ESCAPE) {
      const escaped = pattern[index + 1]
      if (escaped === UNDEFINED) {
        return null
      }
      body += escapeMember(escaped)
      prev = escaped
      index ++
    } else if (
      char === '-'
      && prev
      && index + 1 < length
      && pattern[index + 1] !== ']'
    ) {
      index ++
      let to = pattern[index]
      if (to === ESCAPE) {
        // A pattern can not end on a lone backslash -- `checkPattern` has
        //   already thrown it away -- so there is an upper bound to read.
        to = pattern[index += 1]
      }
      // An out-of-order range matches nothing in git but is a syntax error in
      //   JavaScript, so it is dropped.  Its lower bound stays: git tests it
      //   as a plain member before it ever looks at the `-`, so `[c-a]` does
      //   match `c`.
      if (prev <= to) {
        body += `-${escapeMember(to)}`
      }
      prev = EMPTY
    } else if (char === '[' && pattern[index + 1] === ':') {
      const nameStart = index + 2
      let end = nameStart
      while (end < length && pattern[end] !== ']') {
        end ++
      }

      if (end === length) {
        return null
      }

      if (end > nameStart && pattern[end - 1] === ':') {
        const expanded = POSIX_CLASSES[pattern.slice(nameStart, end - 1)]

        // An unknown class name makes the whole pattern match nothing
        if (expanded === UNDEFINED) {
          return null
        }

        body += expanded
        prev = EMPTY
        index = end
      } else {
        // No `:]` to close it, so the `[` is a plain member and scanning
        //   resumes right after it.
        body += escapeMember('[')
        prev = '['
        index = nameStart - 2
      }
    } else {
      body += escapeMember(char)
      prev = char
    }

    index ++

    if (pattern[index] === ']') {
      return {
        end: index,
        source: classSource(negated, body)
      }
    }
  }
}

// An empty JavaScript class can never match, which is how a pattern that git
//   gives up on (`WM_ABORT_ALL`) is expressed here.
const NEVER_MATCH = '[]'

// A NUL can appear in neither a `.gitignore` line nor a path, which makes it
//   the one safe placeholder character.  A literal one in the pattern is
//   held aside all the same, so a collision is impossible by construction.
const PLACEHOLDER = '\u0000'
const REGEX_RESTORE_PLACEHOLDER = new RegExp(
  `${PLACEHOLDER}(\\d+)${PLACEHOLDER}`, 'g'
)

// Replace every bracket expression with a placeholder the replacers below
//   leave alone, and translate it separately.
const extractBrackets = pattern => {
  const sources = []
  const hold = source =>
    `${PLACEHOLDER}${sources.push(source) - 1}${PLACEHOLDER}`

  const {length} = pattern
  let out = EMPTY
  let index = 0

  while (index < length) {
    const char = pattern[index]

    if (char === ESCAPE) {
      // An escaped `[` is a literal one; leave the pair to the replacers,
      //   which already deal with `\[foo]`.
      out += pattern.slice(index, index + 2)
      index += 2
    } else if (char === PLACEHOLDER) {
      // Hold a literal placeholder character aside as well, so that pattern
      //   text can never be mistaken for a placeholder we emitted.
      out += hold(`[${PLACEHOLDER}]`)
      index ++
    } else if (char === '[') {
      const scanned = scanBracket(pattern, index)

      if (scanned === null) {
        // git gives up on the whole pattern (`WM_ABORT_ALL`), so whatever
        //   follows can not make it match either.
        out += hold(NEVER_MATCH)
        index = length
      } else {
        out += hold(scanned.source)
        index = scanned.end + 1
      }
    } else {
      out += char
      index ++
    }
  }

  return {
    source: out,
    sources
  }
}

// A step of the chain below is normally a `[matcher, replacer]` pair handed
//   to `String.replace`. `DIRECT` marks the ones that are plain string work
//   instead, and take `(source, pattern)`.
//
// Anchoring the two ends is exactly that -- a test of one character and a
//   concatenation -- and putting it through the regular expression engine
//   cost a third of this chain for nothing: 167ns where 10ns does the same
//   job. The two are still steps in the same list, in the same places,
//   because their position in the order is part of what they mean.
const DIRECT = null

// A separator at the beginning or in the middle of a pattern, as opposed to
//   one at the very end.
const REGEX_INNER_SLASH = /\/(?!$)/

// > If the pattern ends with a slash,
// > it is removed for the purpose of the following description,
// > but it would only find a match with a directory.
// > In other words, foo/ will match a directory foo and paths underneath it,
// > but will not match a regular file or a symbolic link foo
// >  (this is consistent with the way how pathspec works in general in Git).
// '`foo/`' will not match regular file '`foo`' or symbolic link '`foo`'
// -> ignore-rules will not deal with it, because it costs extra `fs.stat` call
//      you could use option `mark: true` with `glob`

// '`foo/`' should not continue with the '`..`'
// The chain that turns one gitignore pattern into a regular expression
//   source, in order. A step is either
//
//   [matcher, replacer]            handed to `String.replace`
//   [matcher, replacer, required]  the same, but skipped outright unless
//                                    `required` appears in the string, which
//                                    the matcher cannot match without
//   [DIRECT, transform]            plain string work, taking (source, pattern)
//
// The `required` character is only ever a shortcut: finding it does not mean
//   the matcher will match, and not finding it means it cannot. It is there
//   because scanning for one character costs a fraction of running a matcher
//   that then finds nothing -- for the wildcard step, whose `[^\\]+`
//   backtracks its way through the whole string before giving up, 11ns
//   against 400ns.
const REPLACERS = [

  [
    // Remove BOM
    // TODO:
    // Other similar zero-width characters?
    /^\uFEFF/,
    () => EMPTY,
    '\uFEFF'
  ],

  // > Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backslash ("\")
  [
    // (a\ ) -> (a )
    // (a  ) -> (a)
    // (a ) -> (a)
    // (a \ ) -> (a  )
    /((?:\\\\)*?)(\\?\s+)$/,
    (_, m1, m2) => m1 + (
      m2.indexOf('\\') === 0
        ? SPACE
        : EMPTY
    )
  ],

  // Replace (\ ) with ' '
  // (\ ) -> ' '
  // (\\ ) -> '\\ '
  // (\\\ ) -> '\\ '
  [
    /(\\+?)\s/g,
    (_, m1) => {
      const {length} = m1
      return m1.slice(0, length - length % 2) + SPACE
    }
  ],

  // Escape metacharacters
  // which is written down by users but means special for regular expressions.

  // > There are 12 characters with special meanings:
  // > - the backslash \,
  // > - the caret ^,
  // > - the dollar sign $,
  // > - the period or dot .,
  // > - the vertical bar or pipe symbol |,
  // > - the question mark ?,
  // > - the asterisk or star *,
  // > - the plus sign +,
  // > - the opening parenthesis (,
  // > - the closing parenthesis ),
  // > - and the opening square bracket [,
  // > - the opening curly brace {,
  // > These special characters are often called "metacharacters".
  [
    /[\\$.|*+(){^]/g,
    match => `\\${match}`
  ],

  [
    // > a question mark (?) matches a single character
    /(?!\\)\?/g,
    () => '[^/]',
    '?'
  ],

  // leading slash
  [

    // > A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname.
    // > For example, "/*.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c".
    // A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname
    /^\//,
    () => '^',
    SLASH
  ],

  // replace special metacharacter slash after the leading slash
  [
    /\//g,
    () => '\\/',
    SLASH
  ],

  [
    // > A leading "**" followed by a slash means match in all directories.
    // > For example, "**/foo" matches file or directory "foo" anywhere,
    // > the same as pattern "foo".
    // > "**/foo/bar" matches file or directory "bar" anywhere that is directly
    // >   under directory "foo".
    // Notice that the '*'s have been replaced as '\\*'
    /^\^*(?:\\\*\\\*\\\/)+/,

    // '**/foo' <-> 'foo'
    () => '^(?:.*\\/)?',
    '*'
  ],

  // starting
  [
    // there will be no leading '/'
    //   (which has been replaced by section "leading slash")
    // If starts with '**', adding a '^' to the regular expression also works
    DIRECT,
    (source, pattern) => {
      // Nothing to anchor to, or already anchored
      if (!source || source[0] === '^') {
        return source
      }

      // If has a slash `/` at the beginning or middle
      const anchor = !REGEX_INNER_SLASH.test(pattern)
        // > Prior to 2.22.1
        // > If the pattern does not contain a slash /,
        // >   Git treats it as a shell glob pattern
        // Actually, if there is only a trailing slash,
        //   git also treats it as a shell glob pattern

        // After 2.22.1 (compatible but clearer)
        // > If there is a separator at the beginning or middle (or both)
        // > of the pattern, then the pattern is relative to the directory
        // > level of the particular .gitignore file itself.
        // > Otherwise the pattern may also match at any level below
        // > the .gitignore level.
        ? '(?:^|\\/)'

        // > Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for
        // >   consumption by fnmatch(3)
        : '^'

      return anchor + source
    }
  ],

  // two globstars
  [
    // Use lookahead assertions so that we could match more than one `'/**'`
    /\\\/\\\*\\\*(?=\\\/|$)/g,

    // Zero, one or several directories
    // should not use '*', or it will be replaced by the next replacer

    // Check if it is not the last `'/**'`
    (_, index, str) => index + 6 < str.length

      // case: /**/ at the end of the pattern, i.e. a trailing `'/**/'`
      // > A trailing `"/**/"` (a trailing `"/**"` restricted to directories)
      // >   matches everything inside, but it should not match the current
      // >   folder itself, so it requires at least one directory segment.
      // 'a/**/' matches 'a/b/', 'a/x/y/' but not 'a/'
      ? str.slice(index + 6) === '\\/'
        ? '(?:\\/[^\\/]+)+'

        // case: /**/
        // > A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash matches
        // >   zero or more directories.
        // > For example, "a/**/b" matches "a/b", "a/x/b", "a/x/y/b" and so on.
        // '/**/'
        : '(?:\\/[^\\/]+)*'

      // case: /**
      // > A trailing `"/**"` matches everything inside.

      // #21: everything inside but it should not include the current folder
      : '\\/.+',
    '*'
  ],

  // normal intermediate wildcards
  [
    // Never replace escaped '*'
    // ignore rule '\*' will match the path '*'

    // 'abc.*/' -> go
    // 'abc.*'  -> skip this rule,
    //    coz trailing single wildcard will be handed by [trailing wildcard]
    /(^|[^\\]+)(\\\*)+(?=.+)/g,

    // '*.js' matches '.js'
    // '*.js' doesn't match 'abc'
    (_, p1, p2) => {
      // 1.
      // > An asterisk "*" matches anything except a slash.
      // 2.
      // > Other consecutive asterisks are considered regular asterisks
      // > and will match according to the previous rules.
      const unescaped = p2.replace(/\\\*/g, '[^\\/]*')
      return p1 + unescaped
    },
    '*'
  ],

  [
    // unescape, revert step 3 except for back slash
    // For example, if a user escape a '\\*',
    // after step 3, the result will be '\\\\\\*'
    /\\\\\\(?=[$.|*+(){^])/g,
    () => ESCAPE,
    ESCAPE + ESCAPE
  ],

  [
    // '\\\\' -> '\\'
    /\\\\/g,
    () => ESCAPE,
    ESCAPE + ESCAPE
  ],

  [
    // Every real bracket expression -- POSIX classes included -- has already
    //   been held aside by `extractBrackets`, so the only `[` left in the
    //   pattern is an escaped, literal one.

    // `\` is escaped by step 3
    /\\\[([^\]/]*?)(\\*)($|\])/g,

    // '\\[bar]' -> '\\\\[bar\\]'
    (match, range, endEscape, close) =>
      `\\[${range}${cleanRangeBackSlash(endEscape)}${close}`,
    '['
  ],

  // ending
  [
    // 'js' will not match 'js.'
    // 'ab' will not match 'abc'
    DIRECT,

    // WTF!
    // https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore
    // changes in [2.22.1](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore/2.22.1)
    // which re-fixes #24, #38

    // > If there is a separator at the end of the pattern then the pattern
    // > will only match directories, otherwise the pattern can match both
    // > files and directories.

    // 'js*' will not match 'a.js'
    // 'js/' will not match 'a.js'
    // 'js' will match 'a.js' and 'a.js/'
    source => {
      const last = source[source.length - 1]

      // The pattern is empty, or ends in a wildcard the next step owns
      if (!last || last === '*') {
        return source
      }

      return last === SLASH
        // foo/ will not match 'foo'
        ? `${source}$`
        // foo matches 'foo' and 'foo/'
        : `${source}(?=$|\\/$)`
    }
  ]
]

const REGEX_REPLACE_TRAILING_WILDCARD = /(^|\\\/)?\\\*$/
const MODE_IGNORE = 'regex'
const MODE_CHECK_IGNORE = 'checkRegex'
const UNDERSCORE = '_'

const TRAILING_WILD_CARD_REPLACERS = {
  [MODE_IGNORE] (_, p1) {
    const prefix = p1
      // '\^':
      // '/*' does not match EMPTY
      // '/*' does not match everything

      // '\\\/':
      // 'abc/*' does not match 'abc/'
      ? `${p1}[^/]+`

      // 'a*' matches 'a'
      // 'a*' matches 'aa'
      : '[^/]*'

    return `${prefix}(?=$|\\/$)`
  },

  [MODE_CHECK_IGNORE] (_, p1) {
    // When doing `git check-ignore`
    const prefix = p1
      // '\\\/':
      // 'abc/*' DOES match 'abc/' !
      ? `${p1}[^/]*`

      // 'a*' matches 'a'
      // 'a*' matches 'aa'
      : '[^/]*'

    return `${prefix}(?=$|\\/$)`
  }
}

// @param {pattern}
const makeRegexPrefix = pattern => {
  const {source, sources} = extractBrackets(pattern)

  const replaced = REPLACERS.reduce(
    // A pass whose matcher finds nothing hands back the very string it was
    //   given, so asking first costs a search and saves a rewrite. Ten of the
    //   fifteen passes never fire for a typical .gitignore line, and between
    //   them they were 45% of this chain.
    (prev, [matcher, replacer, required]) => {
      if (matcher === DIRECT) {
        return replacer(prev, pattern)
      }

      if (required !== UNDEFINED && prev.indexOf(required) < 0) {
        return prev
      }

      // A pass whose matcher finds nothing hands back the very string it was
      //   given, so asking first costs a search and saves a rewrite.
      return matcher.test(prev)
        ? prev.replace(matcher, replacer.bind(pattern))
        : prev
    },
    source
  )

  // Most patterns hold no bracket expression at all, and then there is
  //   nothing to put back.
  return sources.length
    ? replaced.replace(
      REGEX_RESTORE_PLACEHOLDER,
      (match, index) => sources[index]
    )
    : replaced
}

// A trailing slash does not stop a pattern being basename-only: it restricts
//   the match to a directory, it does not let the pattern reach across one.
//   Everything else a pattern can hold -- a wildcard, a character class, an
//   escape -- stays inside a single path segment too, so a pattern with no
//   separator in it can only ever describe the last one.
const matchesBasename = body => {
  const index = body.indexOf(SLASH)

  return index < 0 || index === body.length - 1
}

// The last segment of a path, keeping a trailing slash, because a pattern that
//   ends in one matches only a directory.
// 'a/b/c.js' -> 'c.js';  'a/b/' -> 'b/';  'c.js' -> 'c.js' (no copy made)
const basenameOf = path => {
  const end = path.length - 1

  const index = path.lastIndexOf(
    SLASH,
    path[end] === SLASH
      ? end - 1
      : end
  )

  return index < 0
    ? path
    : path.slice(index + 1)
}

// The parent directory of a path, with its trailing separator, or EMPTY when
//   the path has none.
// 'a/b/c' -> 'a/b/';  'a/b/' -> 'a/';  'a' -> EMPTY;  'a/' -> EMPTY
//
// A path holding an empty segment has to be taken apart, because its
//   ancestors are not prefixes of it: the parent of 'a//b' is 'a/', not
//   'a//', and the parent of '/a/' is nothing at all. Both shapes reach here
//   -- 'a//b' is accepted outright, and `checkIgnore` does not put the path
//   it is given through the relative-path check.
//
// Every other path is a prefix of itself, and cutting one costs a fraction of
//   splitting it into an array and joining that back at every level: 73ns
//   against 207ns.
const parentOf = path => {
  if (
    path.charCodeAt(0) === SLASH_CODE
    || path.indexOf(DOUBLE_SLASH) >= 0
  ) {
    const slices = path.split(SLASH).filter(Boolean)

    slices.pop()

    return slices.length
      ? slices.join(SLASH) + SLASH
      : EMPTY
  }

  const end = path.length - 1

  // Look back from before a trailing separator, since that one belongs to the
  //   path itself.
  //
  // A negative place to start would be a trap here: `lastIndexOf` clamps one
  //   to 0 and searches there rather than reporting no match, so '/' would
  //   come back as its own parent and the walk would never end. It cannot
  //   happen -- that is the only path short enough to produce one, and the
  //   test above has already sent it the other way.
  const cut = path.lastIndexOf(
    SLASH,
    path.charCodeAt(end) === SLASH_CODE
      ? end - 1
      : end
  )

  return cut < 0
    ? EMPTY
    : path.slice(0, cut + 1)
}

const isString = subject => typeof subject === 'string'

// > A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator for readability.
const checkPattern = pattern => pattern
  && isString(pattern)
  && !REGEX_TEST_BLANK_LINE.test(pattern)
  && !REGEX_INVALID_TRAILING_BACKSLASH.test(pattern)

  // > A line starting with # serves as a comment.
  && pattern.indexOf('#') !== 0

const splitPattern = pattern => pattern
.split(REGEX_SPLITALL_CRLF)
.filter(Boolean)

class IgnoreRule {
  constructor (
    pattern,
    mark,
    body,
    ignoreCase,
    negative,
    prefix
  ) {
    this.pattern = pattern
    this.mark = mark
    this.negative = negative

    define(this, 'body', body)
    define(this, 'ignoreCase', ignoreCase)
    define(this, 'regexPrefix', prefix)
  }

  // Worked out on first use and kept behind an own property, the way `regex`
  //   caches itself in `_regex`. Deciding it in the constructor instead would
  //   add a fourth `defineProperty` to every rule ever built, which cost 4% of
  //   every compile -- including the compiles of rules that are never matched
  //   against anything.
  get _basenameOnly () {
    return define(this, '_basenameOnly', matchesBasename(this.body))
  }

  get regex () {
    const key = UNDERSCORE + MODE_IGNORE

    if (this[key]) {
      return this[key]
    }

    return this._make(MODE_IGNORE, key)
  }

  get checkRegex () {
    const key = UNDERSCORE + MODE_CHECK_IGNORE

    if (this[key]) {
      return this[key]
    }

    return this._make(MODE_CHECK_IGNORE, key)
  }

  _make (mode, key) {
    const str = this.regexPrefix.replace(
      REGEX_REPLACE_TRAILING_WILDCARD,

      // It does not need to bind pattern
      TRAILING_WILD_CARD_REPLACERS[mode]
    )

    const regex = this.ignoreCase
      ? new RegExp(str, 'i')
      : new RegExp(str)

    return define(this, key, regex)
  }
}

const createRule = ({
  pattern,
  mark
}, ignoreCase) => {
  let negative = false
  let body = pattern

  // > An optional prefix "!" which negates the pattern;
  if (body.indexOf('!') === 0) {
    negative = true
    body = body.substr(1)
  }

  body = body
  // > Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first "!" for patterns that
  // >   begin with a literal "!", for example, `"\!important!.txt"`.
  .replace(REGEX_REPLACE_LEADING_EXCAPED_EXCLAMATION, '!')
  // > Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first hash for patterns that
  // >   begin with a hash.
  .replace(REGEX_REPLACE_LEADING_EXCAPED_HASH, '#')

  const regexPrefix = makeRegexPrefix(body)

  return new IgnoreRule(
    pattern,
    mark,
    body,
    ignoreCase,
    negative,
    regexPrefix
  )
}

class RuleManager {
  constructor (ignoreCase) {
    this._ignoreCase = ignoreCase
    this._rules = []

    // How many of the rules git would tag `EXC_FLAG_NODIR`.
    //
    // The scan uses it to decide, once for the whole set, whether handing
    //   those rules the basename is worth what it costs the others. The
    //   shortcut saves a full-path scan on every rule it applies to and costs
    //   a check on every rule it does not, so a set where almost nothing is
    //   basename-only comes out behind -- a 955 pattern set with 44 of them
    //   measured 19% slower with the shortcut always on.
    //
    // Deciding this by measurement rather than by meaning is safe: a
    //   basename-only pattern gives the very same answer against the whole
    //   path, it just takes longer to say so. The choice can only change how
    //   fast the scan runs, never what it returns.
    this._basenameCount = 0
  }

  _add (pattern) {
    // #32
    if (pattern && pattern[KEY_IGNORE]) {
      this._rules = this._rules.concat(pattern._rules._rules)
      this._basenameCount += pattern._rules._basenameCount
      this._added = true
      return
    }

    if (isString(pattern)) {
      pattern = {
        pattern
      }
    }

    if (checkPattern(pattern.pattern)) {
      const rule = createRule(pattern, this._ignoreCase)
      this._added = true
      this._rules.push(rule)

      // Deliberately not `rule._basenameOnly`: reading that would materialise
      //   the rule's own copy, and the whole point of leaving it lazy is that
      //   a rule which is compiled and never matched never pays for it.
      if (matchesBasename(rule.body)) {
        this._basenameCount ++
      }
    }
  }

  // @param {Array<string> | string | Ignore} pattern
  add (pattern) {
    this._added = false

    makeArray(
      isString(pattern)
        ? splitPattern(pattern)
        : pattern
    ).forEach(this._add, this)

    return this._added
  }

  // Test one single path without recursively checking parent directories
  //
  // - checkUnignored `boolean` whether should check if the path is unignored,
  //   setting `checkUnignored` to `false` could reduce additional
  //   path matching.
  // - check `string` either `MODE_IGNORE` or `MODE_CHECK_IGNORE`

  // @returns {TestResult} true if a file is ignored
  test (path, checkUnignored, mode) {
    let ignored = false
    let unignored = false
    let matchedRule

    // Most of a .gitignore is patterns with no slash in them, and running
    //   those against the whole path makes the regular expression engine walk
    //   every directory name on the way to the only segment that could match.
    //   Handing them the basename instead is what git does, and it is where
    //   the time in a directory walk goes: the rule scan was two thirds of it.
    const rules = this._rules
    const {length} = rules

    const shortcut = this._basenameCount * 2 >= length

    const basename = shortcut
      ? basenameOf(path)
      : path

    // A plain loop rather than `forEach`, so that `path`, `basename` and
    //   `shortcut` are locals. As a callback they became closure variables,
    //   and reaching for one of those once per rule cost 10% of a scan over a
    //   large rule set -- more than the shortcut they were there to serve.
    for (let index = 0; index < length; index ++) {
      const rule = rules[index]
      const {negative} = rule

      //          |           ignored : unignored
      // -------- | ---------------------------------------
      // negative |   0:0   |   0:1   |   1:0   |   1:1
      // -------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | --------
      //     0    |  TEST   |  TEST   |  SKIP   |    X
      //     1    |  TESTIF |  SKIP   |  TEST   |    X

      // - SKIP: always skip
      // - TEST: always test
      // - TESTIF: only test if checkUnignored
      // - X: that never happen
      const skip = unignored === negative && ignored !== unignored
        || negative && !ignored && !unignored && !checkUnignored

      if (!skip && rule[mode].test(
        shortcut && rule._basenameOnly
          ? basename
          : path
      )) {
        ignored = !negative
        unignored = negative

        matchedRule = negative
          ? UNDEFINED
          : rule
      }
    }

    const ret = {
      ignored,
      unignored
    }

    if (matchedRule) {
      ret.rule = matchedRule
    }

    return ret
  }
}

const throwError = (message, Ctor) => {
  throw new Ctor(message)
}

const checkPath = (path, originalPath, doThrow) => {
  if (!isString(path)) {
    return doThrow(
      `path must be a string, but got \`${originalPath}\``,
      TypeError
    )
  }

  // We don't know if we should ignore EMPTY, so throw
  if (!path) {
    return doThrow(`path must not be empty`, TypeError)
  }

  // Check if it is a relative path
  if (checkPath.isNotRelative(path)) {
    const r = '`path.relative()`d'
    return doThrow(
      `path should be a ${r} string, but got "${originalPath}"`,
      RangeError
    )
  }

  return true
}

// > pathname should be a `path.relative()`d one
//
// The same thing `REGEX_TEST_INVALID_PATH` says, spelled out: a path is not
//   relative if it begins with a separator, or with `./` or `../`, or is
//   nothing but `.` or `..`. Every match is decided by the first three
//   characters, and this runs on every path handed to the library -- where it
//   was 55% of a cached lookup, more than the cache lookup itself.
const isNotRelative = path => {
  const first = path.charCodeAt(0)

  if (first === SLASH_CODE) {
    return true
  }

  if (first !== DOT_CODE) {
    return false
  }

  // '.'
  if (path.length === 1) {
    return true
  }

  const second = path.charCodeAt(1)

  // './'
  if (second === SLASH_CODE) {
    return true
  }

  if (second !== DOT_CODE) {
    return false
  }

  // '..' or '../'
  return path.length === 2 || path.charCodeAt(2) === SLASH_CODE
}

checkPath.isNotRelative = isNotRelative

// On windows, the following function will be replaced
/* istanbul ignore next */
checkPath.convert = p => p


class Ignore {
  constructor ({
    ignorecase = true,
    ignoreCase = ignorecase,
    allowRelativePaths = false
  } = {}) {
    define(this, KEY_IGNORE, true)

    this._rules = new RuleManager(ignoreCase)
    this._strictPathCheck = !allowRelativePaths
    this._initCache()
  }

  _initCache () {
    // A cache for the result of `.ignores()`
    this._ignoreCache = Object.create(null)

    // A cache for the result of `.test()`
    this._testCache = Object.create(null)
  }

  add (pattern) {
    if (this._rules.add(pattern)) {
      // Some rules have just added to the ignore,
      //   making the behavior changed,
      //   so we need to re-initialize the result cache
      this._initCache()
    }

    return this
  }

  // legacy
  addPattern (pattern) {
    return this.add(pattern)
  }

  // @returns {TestResult}
  _test (originalPath, cache, checkUnignored) {
    const path = originalPath
      // Supports nullable path
      && checkPath.convert(originalPath)

    checkPath(
      path,
      originalPath,
      this._strictPathCheck
        ? throwError
        : RETURN_FALSE
    )

    return this._t(path, cache, checkUnignored)
  }

  checkIgnore (path) {
    // If the path doest not end with a slash, `.ignores()` is much equivalent
    //   to `git check-ignore`
    if (path.charCodeAt(path.length - 1) !== SLASH_CODE) {
      return this.test(path)
    }

    const parentPath = parentOf(path)

    if (parentPath) {
      const parent = this._t(parentPath, this._testCache, true)

      if (parent.ignored) {
        return parent
      }
    }

    return this._rules.test(path, false, MODE_CHECK_IGNORE)
  }

  _t (
    // The path to be tested
    path,

    // The cache for the result of a certain checking
    cache,

    // Whether should check if the path is unignored
    checkUnignored
  ) {
    if (path in cache) {
      return cache[path]
    }

    const parentPath = parentOf(path)

    // If the path contains a parent directory, check the parent first
    const parent = parentPath
      ? this._t(parentPath, cache, checkUnignored)
      : UNDEFINED

    return cache[path] = parent && parent.ignored
      // > It is not possible to re-include a file if a parent directory of
      // >   that file is excluded.
      ? parent
      : this._rules.test(path, checkUnignored, MODE_IGNORE)
  }

  ignores (path) {
    return this._test(path, this._ignoreCache, false).ignored
  }

  createFilter () {
    return path => !this.ignores(path)
  }

  filter (paths) {
    return makeArray(paths).filter(this.createFilter())
  }

  // @returns {TestResult}
  test (path) {
    return this._test(path, this._testCache, true)
  }
}

const factory = options => new Ignore(options)

const isPathValid = path =>
  checkPath(path && checkPath.convert(path), path, RETURN_FALSE)

/* istanbul ignore next */
const setupWindows = () => {
  /* eslint no-control-regex: "off" */
  const makePosix = str => /^\\\\\?\\/.test(str)
  || /["<>|\u0000-\u001F]+/u.test(str)
    ? str
    : str.replace(/\\/g, '/')

  checkPath.convert = makePosix

  // 'C:\\foo'     <- 'C:\\foo' has been converted to 'C:/'
  // 'd:\\foo'
  const REGEX_TEST_WINDOWS_PATH_ABSOLUTE = /^[a-z]:\//i
  checkPath.isNotRelative = path =>
    REGEX_TEST_WINDOWS_PATH_ABSOLUTE.test(path)
    || isNotRelative(path)
}


// Windows
// --------------------------------------------------------------
/* istanbul ignore next */
if (
  // Detect `process` so that it can run in browsers.
  typeof process !== 'undefined'
  && process.platform === 'win32'
) {
  setupWindows()
}

// COMMONJS_EXPORTS ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

module.exports = factory

// Although it is an anti-pattern,
//   it is still widely misused by a lot of libraries in github
// Ref: https://github.com/search?q=ignore.default%28%29&type=code
factory.default = factory

module.exports.isPathValid = isPathValid

// For testing purposes
define(module.exports, Symbol.for('setupWindows'), setupWindows)
