# class IO::Buffer

`IO::Buffer` is a low-level efficient buffer for input/output. There are three ways of using buffer:

- Create an empty buffer with `::new`, fill it with data using `copy` or `set_value`, `set_string`, get data with `get_string`;

- Create a buffer mapped to some string with `::for`, then it could be used both for reading with `get_string` or `get_value`, and writing (writing will change the source string, too);

- Create a buffer mapped to some file with `::map`, then it could be used for reading and writing the underlying file.

Interaction with string and file memory is performed by efficient low-level C mechanisms like ‘memcpy`.

The class is meant to be an utility for implementing more high-level mechanisms like Fiber::SchedulerInterface#io_read and Fiber::SchedulerInterface#io_write.

Examples of usage:

Empty buffer:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)  # create empty 8-byte buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a5c50+8 INTERNAL>
    # ...
    buffer
    # =>
    # <IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d156ab0+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    buffer.set_string('test', 2) # put there bytes of the "test" string, starting from offset 2
    # => 4
    buffer.get_string  # get the result
    # => "\x00\x00test\x00\x00"

Buffer from string:

    string = 'data'
    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
    # ...
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  64 61 74 61                                     data

    buffer.get_string(2)  # read content starting from offset 2
    # => "ta"
    buffer.set_string('---', 1) # write content, starting from offset 1
    # => 3
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  64 2d 2d 2d                                     d---
    string  # original string changed, too
    # => "d---"

Buffer from file:

    File.write('test.txt', 'test data')
    # => 9
    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'))
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f0768c000+9 MAPPED IMMUTABLE>
    # ...
    buffer.get_string(5, 2) # read 2 bytes, starting from offset 5
    # => "da"
    buffer.set_string('---', 1) # attempt to write
    # in `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

    # To create writable file-mapped buffer
    # Open file for read-write, pass size, offset, and flags=0
    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 9, 0, 0)
    buffer.set_string('---', 1)
    # => 3 -- bytes written
    File.read('test.txt')
    # => "t--- data"

The class is experimental and the interface is subject to change.

### Constants

BIG_ENDIAN
DEFAULT_SIZE
EXTERNAL
HOST_ENDIAN
INTERNAL
LITTLE_ENDIAN
LOCKED
MAPPED
NETWORK_ENDIAN
PAGE_SIZE
PRIVATE
READONLY
SHARED

### Public Class Methods

IO::Buffer.for(string) → readonly io_buffer click to toggle source
IO::Buffer.for(string) {|io_buffer| ... read/write io_buffer ...}

Creates a `IO::Buffer` from the given string’s memory. Without a block a frozen internal copy of the string is created efficiently and used as the buffer source. When a block is provided, the buffer is associated directly with the string’s internal data and updating the buffer will update the string.

Until `free` is invoked on the buffer, either explicitly or via the garbage collector, the source string will be locked and cannot be modified.

If the string is frozen, it will create a read-only buffer which cannot be modified. If the string is shared, it may trigger a copy-on-write when using the block form.

    string = 'test'
    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
    buffer.external? #=> true

    buffer.get_string(0, 1)
    # => "t"
    string
    # => "best"

    buffer.resize(100)
    # in `resize': Cannot resize external buffer! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

    IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
      buffer.set_string("T")
      string
      # => "Test"
    end

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_type_for(VALUE klass, VALUE string)
    {
        StringValue(string);

        // If the string is frozen, both code paths are okay.
        // If the string is not frozen, if a block is not given, it must be frozen.
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments arguments = {
                .klass = klass,
                .string = string,
                .instance = Qnil,
                .flags = 0,
            };

            return rb_ensure(io_buffer_for_yield_instance, (VALUE)&arguments, io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure, (VALUE)&arguments);
        }
        else {
            // This internally returns the source string if it's already frozen.
            string = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(string);
            return io_buffer_for_make_instance(klass, string, RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY);
        }
    }

IO::Buffer.map(file, [size, [offset, [flags]]]) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Create an `IO::Buffer` for reading from `file` by memory-mapping the file. `file_io` should be a `File` instance, opened for reading.

Optional `size` and `offset` of mapping can be specified.

By default, the buffer would be immutable (read only); to create a writable mapping, you need to open a file in read-write mode, and explicitly pass `flags` argument without IO::Buffer::IMMUTABLE.

Example:

    File.write('test.txt', 'test')

    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 MAPPED READONLY>

    buffer.readonly?   # => true

    buffer.get_string
    # => "test"

    buffer.set_string('b', 0)
    # `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

    # create read/write mapping: length 4 bytes, offset 0, flags 0
    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 4, 0)
    buffer.set_string('b', 0)
    # => 1

    # Check it
    File.read('test.txt')
    # => "best"

Note that some operating systems may not have cache coherency between mapped buffers and file reads.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_map(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

        // We might like to handle a string path?
        VALUE io = argv[0];

        size_t size;
        if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
            size = RB_NUM2SIZE(argv[1]);
        }
        else {
            rb_off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);

            // Compiler can confirm that we handled file_size < 0 case:
            if (file_size < 0) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid negative file size!");
            }
            // Here, we assume that file_size is positive:
            else if ((uintmax_t)file_size > SIZE_MAX) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "File larger than address space!");
            }
            else {
                // This conversion should be safe:
                size = (size_t)file_size;
            }
        }

        rb_off_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            offset = NUM2OFFT(argv[2]);
        }

        enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = 0;
        if (argc >= 4) {
            flags = RB_NUM2UINT(argv[3]);
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_map(io, size, offset, flags);
    }

IO::Buffer.new([size = DEFAULT_SIZE, [flags = 0]]) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Create a new zero-filled `IO::Buffer` of `size` bytes. By default, the buffer will be internal: directly allocated chunk of the memory. But if the requested `size` is more than OS-specific `IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE`, the buffer would be allocated using the virtual memory mechanism (anonymous `mmap` on Unix, `VirtualAlloc` on Windows). The behavior can be forced by passing `IO::Buffer::MAPPED` as a second parameter.

Examples

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00                                     ....

    buffer.get_string(0, 1) # => "\x00"

    buffer.set_string("test")
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        io_buffer_experimental();

        rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        size_t size;

        if (argc > 0) {
            size = RB_NUM2SIZE(argv[0]);
        }
        else {
            size = RUBY_IO_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE;
        }

        enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = 0;
        if (argc >= 2) {
            flags = RB_NUM2UINT(argv[1]);
        }
        else {
            flags |= io_flags_for_size(size);
        }

        io_buffer_initialize(data, NULL, size, flags, Qnil);

        return self;
    }

size_of(data_type) → byte size click to toggle source
size_of(array of data_type) → byte size

Returns the size of the given data type(s) in bytes.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.size_of(:u32) # => 4
    IO::Buffer.size_of([:u32, :u32]) # => 8

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_size_of(VALUE klass, VALUE data_type)
    {
        if (RB_TYPE_P(data_type, T_ARRAY)) {
            size_t total = 0;
            for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(data_type); i++) {
                total += io_buffer_data_type_size(RB_SYM2ID(RARRAY_AREF(data_type, i)));
            }
            return SIZET2NUM(total);
        } else {
            return SIZET2NUM(io_buffer_data_type_size(RB_SYM2ID(data_type)));
        }
    }

### Public Instance Methods

source & mask → io_buffer click to toggle source

Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary AND operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") & IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00005589b2758480+4 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 00 00 34 35 00 00 38 39 00                   1..45..89.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_and(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);

        VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
        struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);

        memory_and(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return output;
    }

<=>(other) → true or false click to toggle source

Buffers are compared by size and exact contents of the memory they are referencing using `memcmp`.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_compare(VALUE self, VALUE other)
    {
        const void *ptr1, *ptr2;
        size_t size1, size2;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &ptr1, &size1);
        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(other, &ptr2, &size2);

        if (size1 < size2) {
            return RB_INT2NUM(-1);
        }

        if (size1 > size2) {
            return RB_INT2NUM(1);
        }

        return RB_INT2NUM(memcmp(ptr1, ptr2, size1));
    }

source ^ mask → io_buffer click to toggle source

Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary XOR operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") ^ IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055a2d5d10480+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ce 32 33 cb ca 36 37 c7 c6 30                   .23..67..0

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_xor(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);

        VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
        struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);

        memory_xor(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return output;
    }

and!(mask) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary AND operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a0d0c20+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

    source.and!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a0d0c20+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 00 00 34 35 00 00 38 39 00                   1..45..89.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_and_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
        io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);

        void *base;
        size_t size;
        io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);

        memory_and_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return self;
    }

clear(value = 0, [offset, [length]]) → self click to toggle source

Fill buffer with `value`, starting with `offset` and going for `length` bytes.

    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
    # =>
    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
    #   0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test

    buffer.clear
    # =>
    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
    #   0x00000000  00 00 00 00         ....

    buf.clear(1) # fill with 1
    # =>
    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
    #   0x00000000  01 01 01 01         ....

    buffer.clear(2, 1, 2) # fill with 2, starting from offset 1, for 2 bytes
    # =>
    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
    #   0x00000000  01 02 02 01         ....

    buffer.clear(2, 1) # fill with 2, starting from offset 1
    # =>
    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
    #   0x00000000  01 02 02 02         ....

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_clear(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        uint8_t value = 0;
        if (argc >= 1) {
            value = NUM2UINT(argv[0]);
        }

        size_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 2) {
            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        }

        size_t length;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            length = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        }
        else {
            length = data->size - offset;
        }

        rb_io_buffer_clear(self, value, offset, length);

        return self;
    }

copy(source, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]]) → size click to toggle source

Efficiently copy data from a source `IO::Buffer` into the buffer, at `offset` using `memcpy`. For copying `String` instances, see `set_string`.

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5ca22520+32 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
    # 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................  *

    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 8)
    # => 4 -- size of data copied
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5cf8fe40+32 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00 ........test....
    # 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ *

`copy` can be used to put data into strings associated with buffer:

    string= "data:    "
    # => "data:    "
    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 5)
    # => 4
    string
    # => "data:test"

Attempt to copy into a read-only buffer will fail:

    File.write('test.txt', 'test')
    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 8)
    # in `copy': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

See `::map` for details of creation of mutable file mappings, this will work:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'))
    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("boom"), 0)
    # => 4
    File.read('test.txt')
    # => "boom"

Attempt to copy the data which will need place outside of buffer’s bounds will fail:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(2)
    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for('test'), 0)
    # in `copy': Specified offset+length exceeds source size! (ArgumentError)

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE source = argv[0];
        const void *source_base;
        size_t source_size;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(source, &source_base, &source_size);

        return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
    }

each(data_type, [offset, [count]]) {|offset, value| ...} → self click to toggle source
each(data_type, [offset, [count]]) → enumerator

Iterates over the buffer, yielding each `value` of `data_type` starting from `offset`.

If `count` is given, only `count` values will be yielded.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").each(:U8, 2, 2) do |offset, value|
      puts "#{offset}: #{value}"
    end
    # 2: 108
    # 3: 108

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(self, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);

        const void *base;
        size_t size;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

        ID data_type;
        if (argc >= 1) {
            data_type = RB_SYM2ID(argv[0]);
        } else {
            data_type = RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8;
        }

        size_t offset;
        if (argc >= 2) {
            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        } else {
            offset = 0;
        }

        size_t count;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            count = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        } else {
            count = (size - offset) / io_buffer_data_type_size(data_type);
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            size_t current_offset = offset;
            VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, data_type, &offset);
            rb_yield_values(2, SIZET2NUM(current_offset), value);
        }

        return self;
    }

each_byte([offset, [count]]) {|offset, byte| ...} → self click to toggle source
each_byte([offset, [count]]) → enumerator

Iterates over the buffer, yielding each byte starting from `offset`.

If `count` is given, only `count` bytes will be yielded.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").each_byte(2, 2) do |offset, byte|
      puts "#{offset}: #{byte}"
    end
    # 2: 108
    # 3: 108

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_each_byte(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(self, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);

        const void *base;
        size_t size;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

        size_t offset;
        if (argc >= 2) {
            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        } else {
            offset = 0;
        }

        size_t count;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            count = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        } else {
            count = (size - offset);
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            unsigned char *value = (unsigned char *)base + i + offset;
            rb_yield(RB_INT2FIX(*value));
        }

        return self;
    }

empty? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer has 0 size: it is created by `::new` with size 0, or with `::for` from an empty string. (Note that empty files can’t be mapped, so the buffer created with `::map` will never be empty.)

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_empty_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->size == 0);
    }

external? → true or false click to toggle source

The buffer is external if it references the memory which is not allocated or mapped by the buffer itself.

A buffer created using `::for` has an external reference to the string’s memory.

External buffer can’t be resized.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_external_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL);
    }

free → self click to toggle source

If the buffer references memory, release it back to the operating system.

- for a mapped buffer (e.g. from file): unmap.

- for a buffer created from scratch: free memory.

- for a buffer created from string: undo the association.

After the buffer is freed, no further operations can’t be performed on it.

You can resize a freed buffer to re-allocate it.

Example:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
    buffer.free
    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>

    buffer.get_value(:U8, 0)
    # in `get_value': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)

    buffer.get_string
    # in `get_string': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)

    buffer.null?
    # => true

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_free(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer is locked!");
        }

        io_buffer_free(data);

        return self;
    }

get_string([offset, [length, [encoding]]]) → string click to toggle source

Read a chunk or all of the buffer into a string, in the specified `encoding`. If no encoding is provided `Encoding::BINARY` is used.

    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
    buffer.get_string
    # => "test"
    buffer.get_string(2)
    # => "st"
    buffer.get_string(2, 1)
    # => "s"

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        const void *base;
        size_t size;
        io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(data, &base, &size);

        size_t offset = 0;
        size_t length = size;
        rb_encoding *encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();

        if (argc >= 1) {
            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[0]);
        }

        if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
            length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        }
        else {
            length = size - offset;
        }

        if (argc >= 3) {
            encoding = rb_find_encoding(argv[2]);
        }

        io_buffer_validate_range(data, offset, length);

        return rb_enc_str_new((const char*)base + offset, length, encoding);
    }

get_value(data_type, offset) → numeric click to toggle source

Read from buffer a value of `type` at `offset`. `data_type` should be one of symbols:

- `:U8`: unsigned integer, 1 byte

- `:S8`: signed integer, 1 byte

- `:u16`: unsigned integer, 2 bytes, little-endian

- `:U16`: unsigned integer, 2 bytes, big-endian

- `:s16`: signed integer, 2 bytes, little-endian

- `:S16`: signed integer, 2 bytes, big-endian

- `:u32`: unsigned integer, 4 bytes, little-endian

- `:U32`: unsigned integer, 4 bytes, big-endian

- `:s32`: signed integer, 4 bytes, little-endian

- `:S32`: signed integer, 4 bytes, big-endian

- `:u64`: unsigned integer, 8 bytes, little-endian

- `:U64`: unsigned integer, 8 bytes, big-endian

- `:s64`: signed integer, 8 bytes, little-endian

- `:S64`: signed integer, 8 bytes, big-endian

- `:f32`: float, 4 bytes, little-endian

- `:F32`: float, 4 bytes, big-endian

- `:f64`: double, 8 bytes, little-endian

- `:F64`: double, 8 bytes, big-endian

A data type refers specifically to the type of binary data that is stored in the buffer. For example, a `:u32` data type is a 32-bit unsigned integer in little-endian format.

Example:

    string = [1.5].pack('f')
    # => "\x00\x00\xC0?"
    IO::Buffer.for(string).get_value(:f32, 0)
    # => 1.5

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_get_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset)
    {
        const void *base;
        size_t size;
        size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

        return rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset);
    }

get_values(data_types, offset) → array click to toggle source

Similar to `get_value`, except that it can handle multiple data types and returns an array of values.

Example:

    string = [1.5, 2.5].pack('ff')
    IO::Buffer.for(string).get_values([:f32, :f32], 0)
    # => [1.5, 2.5]

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_get_values(VALUE self, VALUE data_types, VALUE _offset)
    {
        size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);

        const void *base;
        size_t size;
        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

        if (!RB_TYPE_P(data_types, T_ARRAY)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument data_types should be an array!");
        }

        VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(data_types));

        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(data_types); i++) {
            VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(data_types, i);
            VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset);
            rb_ary_push(array, value);
        }

        return array;
    }

hexdump() click to toggle source

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_hexdump(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE result = Qnil;

        if (io_buffer_validate(data) && data->base) {
            result = rb_str_buf_new(data->size*3 + (data->size/16)*12 + 1);

            io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, data->base, data->size, 1);
        }

        return result;
    }

dup → io_buffer click to toggle source
clone → io_buffer

Make an internal copy of the source buffer. Updates to the copy will not affect the source buffer.

    source = IO::Buffer.for("Hello World")
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fd598466830+11 EXTERNAL READONLY SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64                Hello World
    buffer = source.dup
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000558cbec03320+11 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64                Hello World

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE source)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        const void *source_base;
        size_t source_size;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(source, &source_base, &source_size);

        io_buffer_initialize(data, NULL, source_size, io_flags_for_size(source_size), Qnil);

        return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, 0, NULL);
    }

inspect() click to toggle source

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_inspect(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE result = rb_io_buffer_to_s(self);

        if (io_buffer_validate(data)) {
            // Limit the maximum size genearted by inspect.
            if (data->size <= 256) {
                io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, data->base, data->size, 0);
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

internal? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer is internal, meaning it references memory allocated by the buffer itself.

An internal buffer is not associated with any external memory (e.g. string) or file mapping.

Internal buffers are created using `::new` and is the default when the requested size is less than the `IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE` and it was not requested to be mapped on creation.

Internal buffers can be resized, and such an operation will typically invalidate all slices, but not always.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_internal_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL);
    }

locked { ... } click to toggle source

Allows to process a buffer in exclusive way, for concurrency-safety. While the block is performed, the buffer is considered locked, and no other code can enter the lock. Also, locked buffer can’t be changed with `resize` or `free`.

The following operations acquire a lock: `resize`, `free`.

Locking is not thread safe. It is designed as a safety net around non-blocking system calls. You can only share a buffer between threads with appropriate synchronisation techniques.

Example:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
    buffer.locked? #=> false

    Fiber.schedule do
      buffer.locked do
        buffer.write(io) # theoretical system call interface
      end
    end

    Fiber.schedule do
      # in `locked': Buffer already locked! (IO::Buffer::LockedError)
      buffer.locked do
        buffer.set_string("test", 0)
      end
    end

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_locked(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer already locked!");
        }

        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;

        VALUE result = rb_yield(self);

        data->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;

        return result;
    }

locked? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer is locked, meaning it is inside `locked` block execution. Locked buffer can’t be resized or freed, and another lock can’t be acquired on it.

Locking is not thread safe, but is a semantic used to ensure buffers don’t move while being used by a system call.

Example:

    buffer.locked do
      buffer.write(io) # theoretical system call interface
    end

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_locked_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED);
    }

mapped? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer is mapped, meaning it references memory mapped by the buffer.

Mapped buffers are either anonymous, if created by `::new` with the `IO::Buffer::MAPPED` flag or if the size was at least `IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE`, or backed by a file if created with `::map`.

Mapped buffers can usually be resized, and such an operation will typically invalidate all slices, but not always.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_mapped_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED);
    }

not! → io_buffer click to toggle source

Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary NOT operation to the source.

    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a33a450+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

    source.not!
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a33a450+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 cf                   ..........

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        void *base;
        size_t size;
        io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);

        memory_not_inplace(base, size);

        return self;
    }

null? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer was freed with `free` or was never allocated in the first place.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_null_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->base == NULL);
    }

or!(mask) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary OR operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a272350+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

    source.or!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a272350+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ff 32 33 ff ff 36 37 ff ff 30                   .23..67..0

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_or_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
        io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);

        void *base;
        size_t size;
        io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);

        memory_or_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return self;
    }

pread(io, from, length, [offset]) → read length or -errno click to toggle source

Read at most `length` bytes from `io` into the buffer, starting at `from`, and put it in buffer starting from specified `offset`. If an error occurs, return `-errno`.

If `offset` is not given, put it at the beginning of the buffer.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.for('test') do |buffer|
      p buffer
      # =>
      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
      # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test

      # take 2 bytes from the beginning of urandom,
      # put them in buffer starting from position 2
      buffer.pread(File.open('/dev/urandom', 'rb'), 0, 2, 2)
      p buffer
      # =>
      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007f3bc65f2a58+4 EXTERNAL SLICE>
      # 0x00000000  05 35 73 74         te.5
    end

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_pread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 3, 4);

        VALUE io = argv[0];
        rb_off_t from = NUM2OFFT(argv[1]);

        size_t length;
        if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[2])) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
        }
        length = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);

        size_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 4) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[3])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
            }

            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[3]);
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_pread(self, io, from, length, offset);
    }

pwrite(io, from, length, [offset]) → written length or -errno click to toggle source

Writes `length` bytes from buffer into `io`, starting at `offset` in the buffer. If an error occurs, return `-errno`.

If `offset` is not given, the bytes are taken from the beginning of the buffer. If the `offset` is given and is beyond the end of the file, the gap will be filled with null (0 value) bytes.

    out = File.open('output.txt', File::RDWR) # open for read/write, no truncation
    IO::Buffer.for('1234567').pwrite(out, 2, 3, 1)

This leads to `234` (3 bytes, starting from position 1) being written into `output.txt`, starting from file position 2.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_pwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 3, 4);

        VALUE io = argv[0];
        rb_off_t from = NUM2OFFT(argv[1]);

        size_t length;
        if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[2])) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
        }
        length = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);

        size_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 4) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[3])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
            }

            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[3]);
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_pwrite(self, io, from, length, offset);
    }

read(io, length, [offset]) → read length or -errno click to toggle source

Read at most `length` bytes from `io` into the buffer, starting at `offset`. If an error occurs, return `-errno`.

If `offset` is not given, read from the beginning of the buffer.

If `length` is 0, read nothing.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.for('test') do |buffer|
      p buffer
      # =>
      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
      # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test
      buffer.read(File.open('/dev/urandom', 'rb'), 2)
      p buffer
      # =>
      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007f3bc65f2a58+4 EXTERNAL SLICE>
      # 0x00000000  05 35 73 74         .5st
    end

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);

        VALUE io = argv[0];

        if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[1])) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
        }
        size_t length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);

        size_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[2])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
            }

            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_read(self, io, length, offset);
    }

readonly? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer is read only, meaning the buffer cannot be modified using `set_value`, `set_string` or `copy` and similar.

Frozen strings and read-only files create read-only buffers.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_readonly_p(VALUE self)
    {
        return RBOOL(rb_io_buffer_readonly_p(self));
    }

resize(new_size) → self click to toggle source

Resizes a buffer to a `new_size` bytes, preserving its content. Depending on the old and new size, the memory area associated with the buffer might be either extended, or rellocated at different address with content being copied.

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
    buffer.set_string("test", 0)
    buffer.resize(8) # resize to 8 bytes
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a1630+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00                         test....

External buffer (created with `::for`), and locked buffer can not be resized.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, VALUE size)
    {
        rb_io_buffer_resize(self, NUM2SIZET(size));

        return self;
    }

set_string(string, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]]) → size click to toggle source

Efficiently copy data from a source `String` into the buffer, at `offset` using `memcpy`.

    buf = IO::Buffer.new(8)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000557412714a20+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         ........

    # set data starting from offset 1, take 2 bytes starting from string's
    # second
    buf.set_string('test', 1, 2, 1)
    # => 2
    buf
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000557412714a20+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 65 73 00 00 00 00 00                         .es.....

See also `copy` for examples of how buffer writing might be used for changing associated strings and files.

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_set_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE string = rb_str_to_str(argv[0]);

        const void *source_base = RSTRING_PTR(string);
        size_t source_size = RSTRING_LEN(string);

        return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
    }

set_value(type, offset, value) → offset click to toggle source

Write to a buffer a `value` of `type` at `offset`. `type` should be one of symbols described in `get_value`.

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

    buffer.set_value(:U8, 1, 111)
    # => 1

    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 6f 00 00 00 00 00 00                         .o......

Note that if the `type` is integer and `value` is `Float`, the implicit truncation is performed:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
    buffer.set_value(:U32, 0, 2.5)

    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00
    #                      ^^ the same as if we'd pass just integer 2

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset, VALUE value)
    {
        void *base;
        size_t size;
        size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(self, &base, &size);

        rb_io_buffer_set_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset, value);

        return SIZET2NUM(offset);
    }

set_values(data_types, offset, values) → offset click to toggle source

Write `values` of `data_types` at `offset` to the buffer. `data_types` should be an array of symbols as described in `get_value`. `values` should be an array of values to write.

Example:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
    buffer.set_values([:U8, :U16], 0, [1, 2])
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x696f717561746978+8 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  01 00 02 00 00 00 00 00                         ........

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_set_values(VALUE self, VALUE data_types, VALUE _offset, VALUE values)
    {
        if (!RB_TYPE_P(data_types, T_ARRAY)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument data_types should be an array!");
        }

        if (!RB_TYPE_P(values, T_ARRAY)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument values should be an array!");
        }

        if (RARRAY_LEN(data_types) != RARRAY_LEN(values)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument data_types and values should have the same length!");
        }

        size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);

        void *base;
        size_t size;
        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(self, &base, &size);

        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(data_types); i++) {
            VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(data_types, i);
            VALUE value = rb_ary_entry(values, i);
            rb_io_buffer_set_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset, value);
        }

        return SIZET2NUM(offset);
    }

shared? → true or false click to toggle source

If the buffer is shared, meaning it references memory that can be shared with other processes (and thus might change without being modified locally).

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_shared_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED);
    }

size → integer click to toggle source

Returns the size of the buffer that was explicitly set (on creation with `::new` or on `resize`), or deduced on buffer’s creation from string or file.

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_size(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return SIZET2NUM(data->size);
    }

slice([offset = 0, [length]]) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Produce another `IO::Buffer` which is a slice (or view into) the current one starting at `offset` bytes and going for `length` bytes.

The slicing happens without copying of memory, and the slice keeps being associated with the original buffer’s source (string, or file), if any.

If the offset is not given, it will be zero. If the offset is negative, it will raise an `ArgumentError`.

If the length is not given, the slice will be as long as the original buffer minus the specified offset. If the length is negative, it will raise an `ArgumentError`.

Raises `RuntimeError` if the `offset+length` is out of the current buffer’s bounds.

Example:

    string = 'test'
    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)

    slice = buffer.slice
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e68+4 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test

    buffer.slice(2)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e6a+2 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  73 74                                           st

    slice = buffer.slice(1, 2)
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  65 73                                           es

    # Put "o" into 0s position of the slice
    slice.set_string('o', 0)
    slice
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  6f 73                                           os

    # it is also visible at position 1 of the original buffer
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d31e2d80+4 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  74 6f 73 74                                     tost

    # ...and original string
    string
    # => tost

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);

        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        size_t offset = 0, length = 0;

        if (argc > 0) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[0])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
            }

            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[0]);
        }

        if (argc > 1) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[1])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
            }

            length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        } else {
            length = data->size - offset;
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_slice(data, self, offset, length);
    }

to_s → string click to toggle source

Short representation of the buffer. It includes the address, size and symbolic flags. This format is subject to change.

    puts IO::Buffer.new(4) # uses to_s internally
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055769f41b1a0+4 INTERNAL>

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_to_s(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE result = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");

        rb_str_append(result, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self)));
        rb_str_catf(result, " %p+%"PRIdSIZE, data->base, data->size);

        if (data->base == NULL) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " NULL");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " EXTERNAL");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " INTERNAL");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " MAPPED");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " SHARED");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " LOCKED");
        }

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " READONLY");
        }

        if (data->source != Qnil) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " SLICE");
        }

        if (!io_buffer_validate(data)) {
            rb_str_cat2(result, " INVALID");
        }

        return rb_str_cat2(result, ">");
    }

transfer → new_io_buffer click to toggle source

Transfers ownership to a new buffer, deallocating the current one.

Example:

    buffer = IO::Buffer.new('test')
    other = buffer.transfer
    other
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f136a15f7b0+4 SLICE>
    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
    buffer
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>
    buffer.null?
    # => true

    VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_transfer(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Cannot transfer ownership of locked buffer!");
        }

        VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_class_of(self));
        struct rb_io_buffer *transferred;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, transferred);

        *transferred = *data;
        io_buffer_zero(data);

        return instance;
    }

valid? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns whether the buffer data is accessible.

A buffer becomes invalid if it is a slice of another buffer which has been freed.

    static VALUE
    rb_io_buffer_valid_p(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        return RBOOL(io_buffer_validate(data));
    }

values(data_type, [offset, [count]]) → array click to toggle source

Returns an array of values of `data_type` starting from `offset`.

If `count` is given, only `count` values will be returned.

Example:

    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").values(:U8, 2, 2)
    # => [108, 108]

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_values(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        const void *base;
        size_t size;

        rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

        ID data_type;
        if (argc >= 1) {
            data_type = RB_SYM2ID(argv[0]);
        } else {
            data_type = RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8;
        }

        size_t offset;
        if (argc >= 2) {
            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
        } else {
            offset = 0;
        }

        size_t count;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            count = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        } else {
            count = (size - offset) / io_buffer_data_type_size(data_type);
        }

        VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(count);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, data_type, &offset);
            rb_ary_push(array, value);
        }

        return array;
    }

write(io, length, [offset]) → written length or -errno click to toggle source

Writes `length` bytes from buffer into `io`, starting at `offset` in the buffer. If an error occurs, return `-errno`.

If `offset` is not given, the bytes are taken from the beginning of the buffer.

    out = File.open('output.txt', 'wb')
    IO::Buffer.for('1234567').write(out, 3)

This leads to `123` being written into `output.txt`

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);

        VALUE io = argv[0];

        if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[1])) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
        }
        size_t length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);

        size_t offset = 0;
        if (argc >= 3) {
            if (rb_int_negative_p(argv[2])) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
            }

            offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
        }

        return rb_io_buffer_write(self, io, length, offset);
    }

xor!(mask) → io_buffer click to toggle source

Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary XOR operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a25b3e0+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

    source.xor!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a25b3e0+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ce 32 33 cb ca 36 37 c7 c6 30                   .23..67..0

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_xor_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
        io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);

        void *base;
        size_t size;
        io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);

        memory_xor_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return self;
    }

source | mask → io_buffer click to toggle source

Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary OR operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.

    IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") | IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000561785ae3480+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ff 32 33 ff ff 36 37 ff ff 30                   .23..67..0

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_or(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);

        io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);

        VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
        struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);

        memory_or(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);

        return output;
    }

~source → io_buffer click to toggle source

Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary NOT operation to the source.

    ~IO::Buffer.for("1234567890")
    # =>
    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055a5ac42f120+10 INTERNAL>
    # 0x00000000  ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 cf                   ..........

    static VALUE
    io_buffer_not(VALUE self)
    {
        struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);

        VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
        struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);

        memory_not(output_data->base, data->base, data->size);

        return output;
    }