# module Bundler

`Bundler` provides a consistent environment for Ruby projects by tracking and installing the exact gems and versions that are needed.

Since Ruby 2.6, `Bundler` is a part of Ruby’s standard library.

`Bundler` is used by creating gemfiles listing all the project dependencies and (optionally) their versions and then using

    require 'bundler/setup'

or `Bundler.setup` to setup environment where only specified gems and their specified versions could be used.

See Bundler website for extensive documentation on gemfiles creation and `Bundler` usage.

As a standard library inside project, `Bundler` could be used for introspection of loaded and required modules.

### Constants

ORIGINAL_ENV
SUDO_MUTEX

### Public Class Methods

app_cache(custom_path = nil) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 321
    def app_cache(custom_path = nil)
      path = custom_path || root
      Pathname.new(path).join(settings.app_cache_path)
    end

app_config_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 307
    def app_config_path
      if app_config = ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"]
        app_config_pathname = Pathname.new(app_config)

        if app_config_pathname.absolute?
          app_config_pathname
        else
          app_config_pathname.expand_path(root)
        end
      else
        root.join(".bundle")
      end
    end

bin_path() click to toggle source

Returns absolute location of where binstubs are installed to.

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 116
    def bin_path
      @bin_path ||= begin
        path = settings[:bin] || "bin"
        path = Pathname.new(path).expand_path(root).expand_path
        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) }
        path
      end
    end

bundle_path() click to toggle source

Returns absolute path of where gems are installed on the filesystem.

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 96
    def bundle_path
      @bundle_path ||= Pathname.new(configured_bundle_path.path).expand_path(root)
    end

clean_env() click to toggle source

@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_env` instead

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 355
    def clean_env
      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
        2,
        "`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \
        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`",
        :print_caller_location => true
      )

      unbundled_env
    end

clean_exec(*args) click to toggle source

@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_exec` instead

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 442
    def clean_exec(*args)
      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
        2,
        "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \
        "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`",
        :print_caller_location => true
      )

      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
    end

clean_system(*args) click to toggle source

@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_system` instead

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 420
    def clean_system(*args)
      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
        2,
        "`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \
        "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`",
        :print_caller_location => true
      )

      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.system(*args) }
    end

clear_gemspec_cache() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 548
    def clear_gemspec_cache
      @gemspec_cache = {}
    end

configure() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 82
    def configure
      @configure ||= configure_gem_home_and_path
    end

configure_gem_home_and_path(path = bundle_path) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 594
    def configure_gem_home_and_path(path = bundle_path)
      configure_gem_path
      configure_gem_home(path)
      Bundler.rubygems.clear_paths
    end

configured_bundle_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 111
    def configured_bundle_path
      @configured_bundle_path ||= settings.path.tap(&:validate!)
    end

create_bundle_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 100
    def create_bundle_path
      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(bundle_path.to_s) do |p|
        mkdir_p(p)
      end unless bundle_path.exist?

      @bundle_path = bundle_path.realpath
    rescue Errno::EEXIST
      raise PathError, "Could not install to path `#{bundle_path}` " \
        "because a file already exists at that path. Either remove or rename the file so the directory can be created."
    end

default_bundle_dir() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 471
    def default_bundle_dir
      SharedHelpers.default_bundle_dir
    end

default_gemfile() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 463
    def default_gemfile
      SharedHelpers.default_gemfile
    end

default_lockfile() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 467
    def default_lockfile
      SharedHelpers.default_lockfile
    end

definition(unlock = nil) click to toggle source

Returns an instance of Bundler::Definition for given Gemfile and lockfile

@param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested

    to be updated or true if all gems should be updated

@return [Bundler::Definition]

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 204
    def definition(unlock = nil)
      @definition = nil if unlock
      @definition ||= begin
        configure
        Definition.build(default_gemfile, default_lockfile, unlock)
      end
    end

environment() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 194
    def environment
      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load", :print_caller_location => true
      load
    end

feature_flag() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 557
    def feature_flag
      @feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(VERSION)
    end

frozen_bundle?() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 212
    def frozen_bundle?
      frozen = settings[:frozen]
      return frozen unless frozen.nil?

      settings[:deployment]
    end

git_present?() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 552
    def git_present?
      return @git_present if defined?(@git_present)
      @git_present = Bundler.which("git#{RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]}")
    end

home() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 285
    def home
      bundle_path.join("bundler")
    end

install_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 289
    def install_path
      home.join("gems")
    end

load() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 190
    def load
      @load ||= Runtime.new(root, definition)
    end

load_gemspec(file, validate = false) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 521
    def load_gemspec(file, validate = false)
      @gemspec_cache ||= {}
      key = File.expand_path(file)
      @gemspec_cache[key] ||= load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate)
      # Protect against caching side-effected gemspecs by returning a
      # new instance each time.
      @gemspec_cache[key]&.dup
    end

load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 530
    def load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false)
      path = Pathname.new(file)
      contents = read_file(file)
      spec = if contents.start_with?("---") # YAML header
        eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
      else
        # Eval the gemspec from its parent directory, because some gemspecs
        # depend on "./" relative paths.
        SharedHelpers.chdir(path.dirname.to_s) do
          eval_gemspec(path, contents)
        end
      end
      return unless spec
      spec.loaded_from = path.expand_path.to_s
      Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec) if validate
      spec
    end

local_platform() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 458
    def local_platform
      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform]
      Gem::Platform.local
    end

locked_gems() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 219
    def locked_gems
      @locked_gems ||=
        if defined?(@definition) && @definition
          definition.locked_gems
        elsif Bundler.default_lockfile.file?
          lock = Bundler.read_file(Bundler.default_lockfile)
          LockfileParser.new(lock)
        end
    end

mkdir_p(path, options = {}) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 492
    def mkdir_p(path, options = {})
      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p|
        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
      end
    end

most_specific_locked_platform?(platform) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 229
    def most_specific_locked_platform?(platform)
      return false unless defined?(@definition) && @definition

      definition.most_specific_locked_platform == platform
    end

original_env() click to toggle source

@return [Hash] Environment present before `Bundler` was activated

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 350
    def original_env
      ORIGINAL_ENV.clone
    end

original_exec(*args) click to toggle source

Run a ‘Kernel.exec` to a subcommand with the environment present before `Bundler` was activated

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 437
    def original_exec(*args)
      with_original_env { Kernel.exec(*args) }
    end

original_system(*args) click to toggle source

Run subcommand with the environment present before `Bundler` was activated

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 415
    def original_system(*args)
      with_original_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
    end

preferred_gemfile_name() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 484
    def preferred_gemfile_name
      Bundler.settings[:init_gems_rb] ? "gems.rb" : "Gemfile"
    end

read_file(file) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 511
    def read_file(file)
      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file, :read) do
        File.open(file, "r:UTF-8", &:read)
      end
    end

require(*groups) click to toggle source

Setups `Bundler` environment (see `Bundler.setup`) if it is not already set, and loads all gems from groups specified. Unlike `::setup`, can be called multiple times with different groups (if they were allowed by setup).

Assuming Gemfile

    gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0'
    group :test do
      gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0'
    end

The code will work as follows:

    Bundler.setup # allow all groups
    Bundler.require(:default) # requires only first_gem
    # ...later
    Bundler.require(:test)   # requires second_gem

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 186
    def require(*groups)
      setup(*groups).require(*groups)
    end

reset!() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 561
    def reset!
      reset_paths!
      Plugin.reset!
      reset_rubygems!
    end

reset_paths!() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 572
    def reset_paths!
      @bin_path = nil
      @bundler_major_version = nil
      @bundle_path = nil
      @configure = nil
      @configured_bundle_path = nil
      @definition = nil
      @load = nil
      @locked_gems = nil
      @root = nil
      @settings = nil
      @setup = nil
      @user_home = nil
    end

reset_rubygems!() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 587
    def reset_rubygems!
      return unless defined?(@rubygems) && @rubygems
      rubygems.undo_replacements
      rubygems.reset
      @rubygems = nil
    end

reset_settings_and_root!() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 567
    def reset_settings_and_root!
      @settings = nil
      @root = nil
    end

rm_rf(path) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 331
        def rm_rf(path)
          FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path) if path && File.exist?(path)
        rescue ArgumentError
          message = <<EOF
    It is a security vulnerability to allow your home directory to be world-writable, and bundler cannot continue.
    You should probably consider fixing this issue by running `chmod o-w ~` on *nix.
    Please refer to https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-3.1.2/libdoc/fileutils/rdoc/FileUtils.html#method-c-remove_entry_secure for details.
    EOF
          File.world_writable?(path) ? Bundler.ui.warn(message) : raise
          raise PathError, "Please fix the world-writable issue with your #{path} directory"
        end

root() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 297
    def root
      @root ||= begin
                  SharedHelpers.root
                rescue GemfileNotFound
                  bundle_dir = default_bundle_dir
                  raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile or .bundle/ directory" unless bundle_dir
                  Pathname.new(File.expand_path("..", bundle_dir))
                end
    end

ruby_scope() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 235
    def ruby_scope
      "#{Bundler.rubygems.ruby_engine}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}"
    end

safe_load_marshal(data) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 517
    def safe_load_marshal(data)
      load_marshal(data, :marshal_proc => SafeMarshal.proc)
    end

self_manager() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 600
    def self_manager
      @self_manager ||= begin
                          require_relative "bundler/self_manager"
                          Bundler::SelfManager.new
                        end
    end

settings() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 343
    def settings
      @settings ||= Settings.new(app_config_path)
    rescue GemfileNotFound
      @settings = Settings.new(Pathname.new(".bundle").expand_path)
    end

setup(*groups) click to toggle source

Turns on the `Bundler` runtime. After `Bundler.setup` call, all `load` or `require` of the gems would be allowed only if they are part of the Gemfile or Ruby’s standard library. If the versions specified in Gemfile, only those versions would be loaded.

Assuming Gemfile

    gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0'
    group :test do
      gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0'
    end

The code using `Bundler.setup` works as follows:

    require 'third_gem' # allowed, required from global gems
    require 'first_gem' # allowed, loads the last installed version
    Bundler.setup
    require 'fourth_gem' # fails with LoadError
    require 'second_gem' # loads exactly version 1.0

`Bundler.setup` can be called only once, all subsequent calls are no-op.

If groups list is provided, only gems from specified groups would be allowed (gems specified outside groups belong to special `:default` group).

To require all gems from Gemfile (or only some groups), see `Bundler.require`.

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 152
    def setup(*groups)
      # Return if all groups are already loaded
      return @setup if defined?(@setup) && @setup

      definition.validate_runtime!

      SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations!

      if groups.empty?
        # Load all groups, but only once
        @setup = load.setup
      else
        load.setup(*groups)
      end
    end

specs_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 293
    def specs_path
      bundle_path.join("specifications")
    end

system_bindir() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 475
    def system_bindir
      # Gem.bindir doesn't always return the location that RubyGems will install
      # system binaries. If you put '-n foo' in your .gemrc, RubyGems will
      # install binstubs there instead. Unfortunately, RubyGems doesn't expose
      # that directory at all, so rather than parse .gemrc ourselves, we allow
      # the directory to be set as well, via `bundle config set --local bindir foo`.
      Bundler.settings[:system_bindir] || Bundler.rubygems.gem_bindir
    end

tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 326
    def tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s)
      Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir")
      Pathname.new(Dir.mktmpdir(["bundler", name]))
    end

ui() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 86
    def ui
      (defined?(@ui) && @ui) || (self.ui = UI::Shell.new)
    end

ui=(ui) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 90
    def ui=(ui)
      Bundler.rubygems.ui = UI::RGProxy.new(ui)
      @ui = ui
    end

unbundled_env() click to toggle source

@return [Hash] Environment with all bundler-related variables removed

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 367
    def unbundled_env
      env = original_env

      if env.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH")
        env["MANPATH"] = env["BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH"]
      end

      env.delete_if {|k, _| k[0, 7] == "BUNDLE_" }

      if env.key?("RUBYOPT")
        rubyopt = env["RUBYOPT"].split(" ")
        rubyopt.delete("-r#{File.expand_path("bundler/setup", __dir__)}")
        rubyopt.delete("-rbundler/setup")
        env["RUBYOPT"] = rubyopt.join(" ")
      end

      if env.key?("RUBYLIB")
        rubylib = env["RUBYLIB"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
        rubylib.delete(__dir__)
        env["RUBYLIB"] = rubylib.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
      end

      env
    end

unbundled_exec(*args) click to toggle source

Run a ‘Kernel.exec` to a subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 454
    def unbundled_exec(*args)
      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
    end

unbundled_system(*args) click to toggle source

Run subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 432
    def unbundled_system(*args)
      with_unbundled_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
    end

use_system_gems?() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 488
    def use_system_gems?
      configured_bundle_path.use_system_gems?
    end

user_bundle_path(dir = "home") click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 263
    def user_bundle_path(dir = "home")
      env_var, fallback = case dir
                          when "home"
                            ["BUNDLE_USER_HOME", proc { Pathname.new(user_home).join(".bundle") }]
                          when "cache"
                            ["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE", proc { user_bundle_path.join("cache") }]
                          when "config"
                            ["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG", proc { user_bundle_path.join("config") }]
                          when "plugin"
                            ["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN", proc { user_bundle_path.join("plugin") }]
                          else
                            raise BundlerError, "Unknown user path requested: #{dir}"
      end
      # `fallback` will already be a Pathname, but Pathname.new() is
      # idempotent so it's OK
      Pathname.new(ENV.fetch(env_var, &fallback))
    end

user_cache() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 281
    def user_cache
      user_bundle_path("cache")
    end

user_home() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 239
    def user_home
      @user_home ||= begin
        home = Bundler.rubygems.user_home
        bundle_home = home ? File.join(home, ".bundle") : nil

        warning = if home.nil?
          "Your home directory is not set."
        elsif !File.directory?(home)
          "`#{home}` is not a directory."
        elsif !File.writable?(home) && (!File.directory?(bundle_home) || !File.writable?(bundle_home))
          "`#{home}` is not writable."
        end

        if warning
          Bundler.ui.warn "#{warning}\n"
          user_home = tmp_home_path
          Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler will use `#{user_home}' as your home directory temporarily.\n"
          user_home
        else
          Pathname.new(home)
        end
      end
    end

which(executable) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 498
    def which(executable)
      if File.file?(executable) && File.executable?(executable)
        executable
      elsif paths = ENV["PATH"]
        quote = '"'
        paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).find do |path|
          path = path[1..-2] if path.start_with?(quote) && path.end_with?(quote)
          executable_path = File.expand_path(executable, path)
          return executable_path if File.file?(executable_path) && File.executable?(executable_path)
        end
      end
    end

with_clean_env() { || ... } click to toggle source

@deprecated Use ‘with_unbundled_env` instead

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 398
    def with_clean_env
      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
        2,
        "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \
        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`",
        :print_caller_location => true
      )

      with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
    end

with_original_env() { || ... } click to toggle source

Run block with environment present before `Bundler` was activated

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 393
    def with_original_env
      with_env(original_env) { yield }
    end

with_unbundled_env() { || ... } click to toggle source

Run block with all bundler-related variables removed

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 410
    def with_unbundled_env
      with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
    end

### Private Class Methods

configure_gem_home(path) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 640
    def configure_gem_home(path)
      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_HOME", path.to_s
    end

configure_gem_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 631
    def configure_gem_path
      unless use_system_gems?
        # this needs to be empty string to cause
        # PathSupport.split_gem_path to only load up the
        # Bundler --path setting as the GEM_PATH.
        Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_PATH", ""
      end
    end

eval_gemspec(path, contents) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 623
    def eval_gemspec(path, contents)
      eval(contents, TOPLEVEL_BINDING.dup, path.expand_path.to_s)
    rescue ScriptError, StandardError => e
      msg = "There was an error while loading `#{path.basename}`: #{e.message}"

      raise GemspecError, Dsl::DSLError.new(msg, path, e.backtrace, contents)
    end

eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 615
    def eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
      Kernel.require "psych"

      Gem::Specification.from_yaml(contents)
    rescue ::Psych::SyntaxError, ArgumentError, Gem::EndOfYAMLException, Gem::Exception
      eval_gemspec(path, contents)
    end

load_marshal(data, marshal_proc: nil) click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 609
    def load_marshal(data, marshal_proc: nil)
      Marshal.load(data, marshal_proc)
    rescue TypeError => e
      raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
    end

tmp_home_path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 644
    def tmp_home_path
      Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir")
      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Dir.tmpdir) do
        path = Bundler.tmp
        at_exit { Bundler.rm_rf(path) }
        path
      end
    end

with_env(env) { || ... } click to toggle source

@param env [Hash]

    # File lib/bundler.rb, line 654
    def with_env(env)
      backup = ENV.to_hash
      ENV.replace(env)
      yield
    ensure
      ENV.replace(backup)
    end